Civil Engineering Construction and Types of Bridges Assignment - 1

Civil Engineering Construction and Types of Bridges - Assignment Example These are one of the oldest forms of the bridge that were introduced by the Romans. In this method, the total downward weight of the arch bridge is distributed along the arch and the load taken up by abutments kept at the outer end of the bridge. This abutment or a kind of stopper prevents the arch from straightening out and keeps the structure of the bridge intact. The olden day arch bridges were constructed of wedge-shaped stones that were arranged neatly to take the shape of an arch. The Pont du Gard aqueduct built near Nimes in France is an excellent example of an arched construction standing the test of time. (Hill James et al, n.d) The modern-day construction involves the use of concrete in construction. These are also reinforced using steel. These new methods of construction make it possible to construct bridges up to 800 ft spans. (Beniwal Tarun et al, 2007) (iii) Concrete Arch Bridge- In this method precast concrete segments in the form of wedges are arranged in arches that are supported on temporary sections. Sometimes two arches may be used and these are supported in the middle using a vertical support called a spandrel. (Hill James et al, n.d) Beam bridges involve a simple design of a beam that is supported at its ends. The loads that act on the bridges act as reactions at the ends. A single span can usually support a span of 250 ft. Pre-stressed concrete that is adequately reinforced using steel rods are used in construction. The concrete can sustain the compressive loads while the steel can take the tensile loads. (Hill James et al, n.d ) Concrete bridges have the advantage that the raw materials are easily available and skilled labor is not required for laying. Three methods are commonly used for the construction of bridges. (i) Balanced cantilever Method- This method involves the construction of a falsework that supports a counterbalance weight and thus prevents the cantilever from tilting over during  progressive construction.

Punishing children Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Punishing children - Essay Example Therefore, families should not adopt corporal punishment as a technique of teaching children how to behave as it impacts negatively on behavior, both in the short term and long term. Increasingly, research studies point out to the unintended negative consequences of corporal punishment. First, corporal punishment increases aggression among children as they appreciate physical violence as a form of solving conflicts, just as applied by their parents. Corporal punishment entails use of physical force which exhibits a positive curvilinear relationship with aggression in children. In fact, while vouching for the need for legislation against this form of punishment, Smith cites the United Nations Committee on the Rights of the Child referring to it as â€Å"legalized violence against children.† A review of various research studies by Elliman and Lynch (197) indicates that corporal punishment results in the child complying with the parental demands immediately after being hit, but f or a short term. Such a child does not learn what the desired good is and hence the threat of need for greater frequency and intensity of corporal punishment so as to maintain the compliance. This causes significant physical abuse among the children exposed to corporal punishment. Humphrey and Schmalleger observe that in school, such children are twice more likely to attack other children physically within 6 months (121). Further, such children exhibit tendencies of abuse of child or partner late in life. They become antisocial and have the sense of conscience, moral internalization and empathy in them significantly reduce (Aucoin, Frick, and Bodin 528). Therefore, corporal punishment does not cause positive behavioral gains, but rather arouses and propagates aggression in children. Corporal punishment has also been noted to increase the likelihood of children becoming delinquent. In fact, as noted by Aucoin, Frick, and Bodin (529), corporal punishment could lead to behavioral probl ems as opposed to behavioral problems leading to corporal punishment. As such, these children develop delinquent behaviors later in life. Continued use of corporal punishment upholds delinquent behavior, such trouble at school and lying, two years later (Humphrey and Schmalleger 120). Indeed, a research study documented by Elliman and Lynch on 4,888 residents of Ontario aged below 65 with no history of sexual or physical violence, but reported being spanked or slapped, exhibited significantly higher tendencies of alcohol abuse, dependence and anxiety disorders (197). It should therefore be appreciated that whereas corporal punishment aims at instilling desirable behavior in a child, it could lead to delinquency in children. The third negative impact of corporal punishment entails the lowering of self-esteem among children, together with causing depression. The physical pain that children endure as a result of corporal punishment causes a rise of bitterness in them. With limited oppo rtunities to release such feelings, such children end up being stressed and eventually depressed. Children who have been through years of emotional pain as a result of being

Globalization Literature

Globalization Literature AHONARUOGHO YEWANDE Globalization is an undeniable phenomenon, which is rather hard to put into words and as a result can be explained in various ways. Globalization which encompasses variant aspects of the modern world, bringing nations of the world closer into a single society through culture, economic transactions, politics, technology and social interactions; is making an ever changing world. GPF (online) [n.d] According to Beck (2000) [online] Globalization regardless of how it is individually interpreted gives the implication of the deterioration of a state’s sovereign poewer and the structures that guide the territory. â€Å"The world-wide interconnectedness between nation-states becomes supplemented by globalization as a process in which basic social arrangements (like power, culture, markets, politics, rights, values, norms, ideology, identity, citizenship, solidarity) become disembedded from their spatial context (mainly the nation-state) due to the acceleration, massification, flexibilisation, diffusion and expansion of transnational flows of people, products, finance, images and information† this states that due to the increased flexibility and ease of mobility of many factors in an economy that social arrangements have become disembedded from their nation states, all of which is known as globalisation. beerkens (2004) [online] â€Å"The characteristics of the globalization trend include the internationalizing of production, the new international division of labor, new migratory movements from South to North, the new competitive environment that generates these processes, and the internationalizing of the state making states into agencies of the globalizing world.† This quote is informing about the concepts and characteristics that make up globalization focusing on the internationalization of many aspects of economies. Cox (1994) [online] Nations tend to come together in form of global unions, these unions are economic to some extent, and such exist within trade blocs. Trade bloc is an agreement which is formed between states, regions or countries in order to reduce the trade barriers which make trading inconvenient, amongst the regions involved. A well know example of this form is NAFTA, which is a trade agreement between the United States, Canada, and Mexico. Opponents to trade blocs view such agreements are harmful to free trade on a global level Investorwords (online) [n.d]. Trade blocs have rules that guide their interaction with nations within the economic union as well as those that are not members of the union. Manish (2012) [online] Trade blocs are of different varieties, requiring different levels of commitment and arrangements from the members of the union. To be of the view that globalization is purely an economic union would be false and incorrect as just trade blocs show globalization as six different forms of unions. Manish (2012) [online] Trade blocs have certain objectives goal which they aim to achieve, one of which is to remove the restrictions to trade among the members of the union, there by promoting free trade and faster movement of resources between members. BMS (2013) [online] Trade blocs aim to improve the social, economical, cultural and political relationship between its members through the integration of economies, social programs could encourage this promoting peace in the region. BMS (2013) [online] Trade blocs have the objective of achieving an increase in economic growth amongst its members. As a result in the reduction in trade barriers, it puts firms in a position to produce at lower prices, which would in turn increase demand and lead to a large scale of production. This can result in economic growth and attract investment. BMS (2013) [online] A Preferential Trade Areas is also a type of trade bloc, interconnecting the nations of the world on an economic level, this is the least committed to trade barrier reductions. In this union members lower but do not eliminate trade barriers amongst themselves and no set arrangement is agreed about their interactions with non- members. Manish (2012) [online] Free Trade Area is the next stage after, the Preferential Trade areas, all trade barriers are eliminated for members when relating with each other, so all the members are able to import and export goods and services amongst themselves. An example is the ‘North American free trade agreement’ of 1994 between the Canadians, Mexicans and the US; these members establish independent trade policies when relating with non members. Manish (2012) [online] another free trade area example is the European Free Trade Area. Shahid (2010) [online] Customs Union is the third trade bloc. The member states remove internal trade barriers as well as also agree to implement the same set of common policies when dealing with non member states. Customs union of Russia, Belarus and Kazakhstan, which was initially created in 2010, is a custom union; other custom unions include European Union Custom Council, East African Community. Manish (2012) [online] The Common Market is a trade union where member’s internal trade barriers are removed, common policies/ barriers are implemented for dealing with trade involving outside parties and free movement of resources such as ‘labor’ exist. Examples of common market include â€Å"Mercosur (Southern Cone Market)†, East â€Å"African Common Market†, European Economic Area and â€Å"West African Common market†. Manish (2012) [online] An economic union is one of the trade blocs that exist between nations that further make the nations of the world more integrated and connected. It requires members to remove internal barriers and agree to use common barriers for externally, allowing free movement of resources and adopt a unified set of economic policies. The European Union is an example of such; with one currency they have adopted one monetary policy. Manish (2012) [online] An economic union such as the European Union speeds up the process of globalization, increasing trade amongst the members of the EU as well as increased labor and capital mobility such as migration of Poland citizens to the United Kingdom and Ireland. The EU has expanded its sphere of influence to over 20 countries, making for over 356 million in population. Pettinger (2008) [online] Other economic unions include CEMC (economic and monetary community of central America), OECS (organization of eastern Caribbean states), UEMAO (west African economic and monetary union).shahid (2010) [online] In addition to the integration of the nations belonging to the trade blocs it is also seen that globalization is further aided by trade blocs which make negotiations easier on a global level. An case relating to trading negotiations is, the European Union bargains as one singular bloc making it easier and faster to push through practices which increase free trade. Pettinger (2008) [online] Full Integration is the final stage, coming after economic union. The members become fully integrated; an example is the United States. Manish (2012) [online] When viewing the definition, principles and aims of both globalization and trade blocs, they complement each other, both resulting in interdependence and increase in trade; Wang (2010) [online]. As a result it is easy to assume that globalization is purely an economic union formed by trade blocs. However, it should be noted that trade blocs can be seen as a hindrance to globalization because it promotes regionalization and not global elimination of trade barriers, causing conflicting parties to fight for regional interest; thereby building trade barriers for the rest of the world and preventing the importation of goods from other countries; Wang (2010) [online].This contradicts with globalizations purpose of one world and interlinking of all nations and â€Å"free trade† amongst all; Wang (2010) [online]. For example, the EU’s CAP placed high tariffs on importation of food and the dumping of surplus food items onto world markets. Pettinger (2008) [online] Trade blocs especially at its most integrated economic level when a common currency is established and a common fiscal policy within the union exists among the members- economic union- it leads to reduction of the power and sovereignty of a national government over its own territory. Although the states can take independent decisions to influence the total demand, income allocation and the level of production of their economies through the use of simple fiscal policies unless common fiscal policy is implemented in the economic union. As a result monetary and fiscal policy integration is the basis for an economic union and the application deepens the integration of its members, making it a single economic union and removes all kinds of economic borders. Hashimov (2013) [online] Trade blocs provide a larger market for exportation of goods, this creates a forum for the global products which can be linked between nations of the world, and this creates the possibility for more revenue for nation states. Admin (2012) [online] Trade blocs due to the integration of markets leads to increase in competition and productivity on the part of the nations belonging to the same trade bloc, ensuring to produce quality goods while the consumers had increased choice and lower prices due to the size of the market and number of competitors. Admin (2012) [online] Trade blocs make for a higher and increased rate of investment due to the larger market available as market is expanded. Admin (2012) [online] Trade blocs however have the negative effect, for example they undermine the efforts of WTO (world trade organization) because there is a possibility that the whole world would become regionalized and that would prevent trade liberations due to the rules and norms associated with trade blocs. Trade blocs would deter the WTO goals and undermine international trade laws. Admin (2012) [online] Trade blocs have the negative effect to globalization of creating unfriendly political tension and â€Å"hindering diplomatic relations† between members of a trade bloc and non member through discriminatory policies. Admin (2012) [online] Other factors unrelated to the trade blocs are important and significant to globalization. The main contributing factors to globalization could be argued but these are some factors that are contributing: Improvement in technology which enable global transport and communication to be carried out much easier, which also helps reduce the barriers of distance. Pettinger (2008) [online] the level of improvement in technology of transport and communications has led to a reduction in the prices for transferring goods, service and factors of production as well as making it easier and cheaper to communicate economically useful knowledge and technology. Mussa(2000) [online] Information technology is a main contributor in the process of globalization in form of a catalyst, it increases the accessibility of information and economic potential. Enabling for efficiency in the economies of nations as political and commercial information can be transferred easily and at a fast rate. Information technology encourages the creative use of resources to promote and advertise new products and ideas across borders and cultures regardless of its geographical location. Technology is now the leading factor of the modern world creating employment, new ideas, and networking sites which enables global connection and communication.globalisation101 (n.d) [online] The growth of multinational companies. Pettinger (2008) [online] Globalization is also a political union of nations around the world, there are military-political blocs existing which is a union among states that have agreed to unite, cooperate and have unified actions and responses to address common political, economic and military tasks. Encyclopedia(1979) [online] an example of a political union is NATO. G. Bertucci and A. Alberti , wrote an article â€Å"Globalization and The Role of the State: Challenges and Perspectives†, in which it was stressed that economic globalization is in actuality as a result of political decisions made my nation. Stating that the expansion of international trade as well as finance and investment Transactions do not radically influence the role of nations while the high level of collaboration and joint active show states exercising their sovereign authority over their territories. Thus the authors are of the view that collaborative action instead of weakening their authority over their state reinforces their authority by creating a more secure global environment and greater possibility for exchanges in different areas. Hashimov (2013) [online] Globalization is also an economic union, it impacts employment, working conditions, income and social protection. Beyond the world of work, the social dimension encompasses security, culture and identity, inclusion or exclusion and the cohesiveness of families and communities. Todayszaman (2010) [online] In conclusion, globalization is an economic union of nations after all globalization is generally referred to as â€Å"economic globalization† as it brings nations of the world together and forms a more integrated and interdependent world. Economic union has led to increased flow of information and ideas, and had led to a change in the way nations interact amongst themselves. However it should be noted that economic unions can be seen as a hindrance to globalization itself which contradicts the view that globalization is an economic union and in addition globalization is also a political and social phenomenon not solely economical. Bibliography Electronic devices Admin (2012) [online], advantages and disadvantages of trading blocs, available at http://wisebrain.info/explain-the-advantages-and-disadvantages-of-joining-a-trading-bloc-international/, [accessed on the 3rd of February] Beck (2000) [online], what globalization represents, available at http://www.beerkens.info/files/globalisation.pdf, [accessed on the 1st of February] Beerkens (2004) [online], How globalization is affecting the world, available at http://www.beerkens.info/files/globalisation.pdf , [accessed on the 1st of February] BMS (2013) [online], objectives of trade blocs, available at http://www.bms.co.in/objectives-of-trading-blocs/, [accessed on the 3rd of February] Cox (1994) [online], understanding the chaacterisyics of globalization, available at http://www.beerkens.info/files/globalisation.pdf, [accessed on the 1st of February] Encyclopedia (1979) [online], definition of political blocs, available at http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Military+Bloc, [accessed on the 3rd of February] GPF (online) [n.d], globalization definition, available at http://www.globalpolicy.org/globalization/defining-globalization.html, [accessed on the 2nd of February] Hashimov (2013) [online], economic globalization and the role of nation-state in economy, available at http://www.academia.edu/3721679/ECONOMIC_GLOBALIZATION_AND_THE_ROLE_OF_NATION-STATE_IN_ECONOMY_THE_CASE_OF_EU, [accessed on the 2nd of February] Manish (2012) [online], compositions of trade blocs, available at http://financetrain.com/trading-blocs-common-markets-and-economic-unions/, [accessed on the 3rd of February] Mussa(2000) [online], driving factors of economic integration, available at http://www.imf.org/external/np/speeches/2000/082500.htm, [accessed on the 2nd of February] Pettinger (2008) [online], The significance of economic blocs to globalization, available at http://www.economicshelp.org/blog/1019/economics/trading-blocks-and-globalisation/, [accessed on the 2nd of February] shahid (2010) [online], trading blocs and globalization, available at http://www.slideshare.net/Abdullah2012/globalization-trading-blocks, [accessed on 3rd of February[ Wang (2010) [online], relationship between regional trading blocs and globalization, available at http://www.ccsenet.org/journal/index.php/ijef/article/viewFile/4955/4119, [accessed on the 2nd of February] Todayszaman (2010) [online], social and cultural impact of globalization, available at http://www.todayszaman.com/columnists/dogu-ergil_204938-social-and-cultural-impacts-of-globalization.html, [accessed on the 3rd of February] 1

Distance Learning Followed by World Première :: Katalin Pocs Evening Song Music Essays

Distance Learning Followed by World Premià ¨re Esti Dal (Evening Song) by Katalin Pà ³cs was written for the Indiana University International Vocal Ensemble and harpist Erzsà ©bet Gaà ¡l in January 2000. The composition received its world premià ¨re conducted by Professor Mary Goetze on April 9, 2000 at IU School of Music, Bloomington, Indiana. Katalin Pà ³cs is one of the leading members of the young generation of Hungarian composers. Her compositions include orchestral and chamber works that have been performed throughout Europe. She has performed some of her own piano music in Berlin, Gdansk, Moscow, Munich, and Vienna. In addition, Pà ³cs has written electronic works that were performed in Canada, as well as works for harp, for example a Septet called Vibrarions and a solo piece called Ballade which were introduced by Erzsà ©bet Gaà ¡l in Hungary and in the United States. In her setting of the folk song Esti Dal, Pà ³cs employs the sounds of mixed choir, harp, and synthesized music. These three elements blend together to express the song's text about wandering, weariness, and a plea to God for rest and shelter. This choral work connects the past with the present by incorporating an ancient tonal Hungarian folk song into a modern texture with harp accompaniment. The addition of an electronic sound track that creates new relationships between consonance and dissonance in the music juxtaposes tradition with present 21st century practices. Mary Goetze is a Professor of Music and Chairperson of the Music in General Studies Department. She founded the International Vocal Ensemble in 1995. The choir specializes in the recreation of music from outside the European and American art traditions. Through the learning process, the choir becomes acquainted not only with the music itself but also with the related aspects of the culture and language. In 1996, Dr. Goetze was awarded a grant from Indiana University for a project entitled "Multicultural Music Education" which allowed her to do research in Zimbabwe and South Africa. Currently she is co-authoring a series of CD ROM's that facilitate the oral transmission of vocal music from diverse sources. In preparation for the first performance, the International Vocal Ensemble had the privilege to work with composer Pà ³cs on her new composition through a satellite hook-up connection between Budapest, Hungary and Bloomington, Indiana that was made possible by the Center for the St udy of Global Change on IU's campus. A technology called interactive compressed video opened the door for the choir and the composer to work together on Esti Dal notwithstanding a difference of six time zones.

Albert Einstein Leadership

Robert Bruce August 10, 2012 Leadership The Accidental Leader Albert Einstein was a world-renowned German-born theoretical physicist. Best known for his theory of relativity and famous equation of E = mc2 the expression of mass-energy equivalence. In 1921 he received the Nobel Prize in Physics â€Å"for his service to Theoretical Physics, and his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect. His numerous contributions to physics include his special theory of relativity, which brought together concepts of mechanics and electromagnetism, and his general theory of relativity, which was intended to extend the principle of relativity to non-uniform motion and to provide a new theory of gravitation. The physics community reveres Einstein; with over three hundred published scientific works and over one hundred and non-scientific works, Einstein’s influence on modern theoretical physics is irrefutable. In a broader sense, he is regarded as one of the most influential people in hu man history.In 1999, he was name Time magazine’s â€Å"Person of the Century†. Einstein became a German citizen in 1914, but showed feelings of being pressured into accepting Germany citizenship by the Academy. There were growing tensions in Germany after World War I towards Jewish people. Albert was not a practicing Jew but faced the same prejudice and injustice Jewish people across Europe would feel under Hitler rule. Einstein’s fears of a Nazi-ruled Germany came to reality in 1933 when Hitler was appointed Chancellor of Germany.Hitler's administration introduced the Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service, which removed Jews and politically suspect government employees (including university professors) from their jobs, unless they had demonstrated their loyalty to Germany by serving in World War I. Einstein remained in Berlin until 1933 when he renounced his citizenship and emigrated to America to take the position at Princeton University. M eanwhile, in Germany, a campaign began to eliminate Einstein's work from the German lexicon. Activists published pamphlets and ven textbooks denigrating Einstein, and instructors who taught his theories were blacklisted. Albert’s upbringing and personal life form the foundation of Einstein, the man, the leader, and the genius. Jurgen Neffe sums up Einstein’s childhood with the line, â€Å"A child like Albert, in the view of the German-born American psychoanalyst Erik Erikson, ‘today would be subjected to specialized examination and, perhaps, to treatment. ’ Fortunately Einstein was spared that. † Einstein’s childhood was unique even to the standards of late Nineteenth Century Europe.Young Albert was not pressured into sports and social circles by his parents; instead left to create his own supplementary curriculum and study with his engineer uncle. Einstein had help developing intellectually but that was not the case with social interactions. As Albert grew he kept a childlike way about him except when it came to women. Neffe uses Albert’s love letters extensively to show his fascination with the other sex and derives, â€Å"Einstein’s correspondence with women invariably reveals he regarded [women] almost as playthings. However Neffe neglects to connect Albert’s early successful form of communication to his later dependence on written correspondence. According to Neffe, Albert was very successful with women but not at relationships. Neffe describes his interactions with his two sons and divorced wife as if they were circumstantial, but Albert clearly felt himself a better father and provider if the relationship was on paper. The seclusion Albert was then thrust into because of his divorce allowed him to delve wholly into his work.Albert Einstein’s will to think was engrained in his psyche at an early age. Neffe finds this point to be a singular incident. During this phase, one experience in particular made a â€Å"deep and lasting impression† on Einstein: the day â€Å"my father showed me a compass. † He was surprised that its needle always pointed in the same direction without being touched. â€Å"Something deeply hidden had to be behind things. † The initiation of a genius? The â€Å"miracle† sheds light on the enigma of his uniqueness only up to a point.Nearly every child is amazed at the sight of a quivering compass needle or some other baffling physical phenomenon. As Einstein advances in years he becomes more focused on his work. Albert’s personal studies are the only consistent force in his life and soon encompass his life. Einstein’s obligatory migrations forced him to completely embrace his studies as a defense mechanism. There is a childlike quality that remains present in many men considered geniuses, but fails to connect to Einstein’s upbringing.The focused, isolationist psyche developed in his youth stayed with the man and developed the genius. Neffe describes the genius Albert Einstein’s contributions to science as indispensable. Neffe writes. â€Å"In addition to his contributions to the foundations of modern physics, he also made essential inroads in chemistry, provided the theoretical basis for the development of the laser, and, in his insatiable curiosity, answered questions such as why rivers bend and why the sky is blue. † Einstein’s isolation and devotion to his thoughts allowed him to develop his amazing theories.Neffe describes Einstein’s collaborations with other scientist and students in relation to work but does not fully describe the awkwardness that must have occurred between men of their nature. Einstein was turned down for many teaching positions and only received an honorary PhD. It is evident that every scientist greatly admires the dedication of Einstein to his work. A half-century after Einstein’s death, his theories, and the min d that spawned them, remain as baffling as ever to the public. Neffe offered a valid attempt to explain what created Einstein.He determines the defining moment of Einstein’s life at Nov. 6, 1919, the day when a joint session of Britain’s Royal Society and Royal Astronomical Society announced it had confirmed Einstein’s grandest idea, the general theory of relativity. According to the theory, gravity can generate enough force to bend light. Sir Frank Dyson, the Astronomer Royal, announced that the results left â€Å"no doubt† about the validity of Einstein’s prediction. Years later it was uncovered that the results in fact left considerable doubt, but Einstein’s supporters intuitively felt that the theory must be correct.The Times of London declared the finding â€Å"one of the most momentous, if not the most momentous, pronouncements of human thought. † Within days other media around the world followed. In an instant, Neffe writes, â €Å"Albert Einstein was reborn as legend and myth, idol and icon of an entire era. † Einstein showed his true qualities as a leader preceding and following World War II. Preceding the war, the German-Jew immigrant had the power to write the president, Theodore Roosevelt, urging leadership to begin nuclear weapons research to keep pace with Germany.Einstein’s nuclear theories, formulated for energy production, became the foundation for the work done during the Manhattan Project. Following the war, Einstein had the foresight to see the perils of a nuclear arms race and led the movement to slow nuclear progression. Einstein’s leadership qualities were honored the most when he was offered the Israeli Presidency by the government of Israel. Einstein’s influence was derived from his expert power and conceptual skill. Einstein never set out to be a leader, yet made some of the greatest contributions to the world’s society in history. ——†”———————————- [ 1 ]. Einstein: A Biography. Jurgen Neffe. (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2007), 22 [ 2 ]. Einstein: A Biography. Jurgen Neffe. (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2007), 87 [ 3 ]. Einstein: A Biography. Jurgen Neffe. (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2007), 22 [ 4 ]. Einstein: A Biography. Jurgen Neffe. (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2007), 151 [ 5 ]. Albert Einstein: A Leader in Science. Glen F. (Gather. com 2008)

Finance 340 - 2057 Words

FINC 340 Financial Management Homework Assignment I You can provide your answers by expanding the space between questions. You must show your work and/or explain your answers sufficiently to get credit. Points for each question are the same. Chapter 01 1. What is the goal of the firm? Explain. Ans: A firm’s goals usually include (1) stockholder wealth maximization, (2) profit maximization, (3) Managerial reward maximization, (4) behavioral goals, and (5) social responsibility. However, the primary goal of the business is to maximize the wealth of its stockholders, which translates into maximizing the price of the firm‘s common stock. The traditional goal frequently stressed by economists--profit maximization--is not†¦show more content†¦Smith Company Balance Sheet (in millions of USD) December 31, 2XX1 And 2XX2 Assets | 2XX2 | 2XX1 | Liabilities and Equity | 2XX2 | 2XX1 | Current Assets | | | Current Liabilities | | | Cash | $270 | $305 | Accounts Payable | $200 | $150 | Accounts Receivables | 290 | 275 | Income Tax Payable | 0 | 0 | Inventories | 630 | 600 | Accrued Wages and Salaries | 0 | 0 | Other Current Assets | 0 | 0 | Notes Payable (interest bearing) | 0 | 125 | Total Current Assets | $1,190 | $1,180 | Total Current Liabilities* | $200 | $275 | Fixed Assets | | | Long–Term Debt | 500 | 500 | Plant and Equipment | $1,990 | $1,700 | Total Liabilities | $700 | $775 | Accumulated Depreciation | -700 | -500 | Common Stock | $1,080 | $940 | Patents | 0 | 0 | Retained Earnings | 700 | 665 | Total Net Fixed Assets | $1,290 | $1,200 | Total Stockholder’s Equity | $1,780 | $1,605 | Total Assets | $2,480 | $2,380 | Total L. Equity | $2,480 | $2,380 | Smith Company Income Statement (in millions of USD) December 31, 2XX2 | | | Sales | | $1,330 | Cost of Goods Sold | | 760 | Gross Profit on Sales | | 570 | Operating Expenses | | | Marketing Expenses | $15 | | General and Administrative | 15 | | Depreciation | 200 | | Total Operating Expenses | $230 | $230 | Earnings Before Interest and Taxes (EBIT) or OperatingShow MoreRelatedfinance 340 exam study guide2722 Words   |  11 PagesMidterm Practice Problems Chapter One: CR 1.2, 1.6, 1.13 2. Disadvantages: unlimited liability, limited life, difficulty in transferring ownership, hard to raise capital funds. Some advantages: simpler, less regulation, the owners are also the managers, sometimes personal tax rates are better than corporate tax rates. 6. In the corporate form of ownership, the shareholders are the owners of the firm. 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AMPHICAR - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 32 Words: 9492 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? AMPHICAR II System Specifications 1 Statement of work Our team has aimed to produce an energy efficient, environmental friendly personal consumer vehicle that is capable of travelling on road and operating as a fun filled water vehicle. The project idea of AMPHICAR II is to introduce the vehicle to the public; the first prototype will be used in crossing in the English Channel, beating Richard Bransons record set in the Gibbs Aquada. The project background given by AdSing systems engineering, world leaders in revolutionary new system development, has undertaken the challenge of developing a state of the art amphibious vehicle for the consumer market. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "AMPHICAR" essay for you Create order This is defined as the first phase of the project and the budget for this phase is $80000. This phase of the project will be completed in 30 days. After completion of the conceptual design of the AMPHICAR II project, it shall be placed as a proposal put forward by AdSing to independent sub-contractors for further iterations of the system development cycle. For the successful completion of this phase of the project, we will have guided by our tutor (Bill Daniels) who is the systems Engineering Expert. The requirements of the vehicle is achieved by incorporating safety features, capability of travelling on road and water, customer satisfaction, robust design, lower operational cost, and after all the project should be completed within the budget. IEEE 1220 standard specifies the system engineering process and it is primarily targeting our product (Amphicar) oriented system, which defines the inter-disciplinary tasks that are required to our project throughout the lifecycle to transfor m stakeholder (Customer)needs, requirements and constraints in to our product development. Therefore our group has emphasized to bring ideas in brainstorming session and initially conducted a assessment on potential customers before beginning the conceptual design. Here we have the conceptual design of the AMPHICAR project comprises of four different stages namely System engineering and management plan, Systems requirement specification, functional analysis allocations and final stage of system specification. The project planning in fact it refers to SEMP which includes statement of work, work schedule, cost analysis, product testing methods, program management, risk management, resources required, deliverables, etc., System requirements specification stage are identified based on the needs and the project requirements. Functional analysis allocation stage comprises with functional breakdown is done to determine the system physical design overview, functional analysis and component details. At the final stage of system specification, AMPHICAR II project undergoes evalu ation and final documentation. 2. Referenced documents AMPHICAR concept https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphicar Referred on 06/01/2010 The AMPHICAR Story https://books.google.com/books?id=C-PeNY12Ss8Cpg=PT12dq=Amphicar+designei=ZQlIS5ezBpv-lASmprT3DQcd=4#v=onepageq=Amphicar%20designf=false Referred on 07/012010 IEEE 1220 Standard readings https://ieeexplore.ieee.org.ezlibproxy1.unisa.edu.au/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=arnumber=1631953isnumber=34216 Referred on 09/01/2010 3. Work breakdown structure (this phase of the AMPHICAR project) 3.1 Schedule In fact we have 30days time from 8th January 2010 till 8th February 2010 to complete an attractive high level conceptual design of AMPHICAR II. The Systems specification preparation towards the Amphicar project will be worked in four different stages, under each stage the preparation compiled as draft and submitted through Assign IT on weekly basis. The weekly submission would ensure the timely completion of each stages include the project plan, system requirements specification and the functional analysis allocation and the final systems specification preparation of the AMPHICAR II project to be submitted. The complete details of the schedule can be seen in the Gantt chart on 1. The cost analysis and workout is also shown on Table 1. AMPHICAR II System Specifications 3.2 Cost Sl No. Planned Tasks Budget (S$) No. of hrs Actual Cost (S$) Balance (S$) System Engineering Management Plan 20000 7 days 17850 2150 1 Statement of work 4 500 19500 2 Referenced Documents 6 3000 16500 3 Work Breakdown Structure 3.1 Work Schedule 4 1000 15500 3.2 Cost 12 1500 14000 3.3 Product Testing Methods 15 3500 10500 4 Program Management 8 1750 8750 5 Risk Management 8 1500 7250 6 Resources Required 4 2000 5250 7 Deliverables 4 1250 4000 8 Organizational Structure 4 850 3150 9 Operational Concept 4 1000 2150 Total 20000 73 17850 2150 System Requirement Specification 24000 7 days 20500 3500 10 Scope 10.1 System Overview 6 1500 22500 11 Referenced Documents 5 1250 21250 12 Needs 12 4000 17250 13 Requirements 13.1 General Requirements 8 2000 15250 13.2 System Capability 12 2500 12750 13.3 Safety Requirements 8 2000 10750 13.4 Personnel Related Requirement 8 1750 9000 13.5 Security and Privacy Requirement 10 1500 7500 13.6 Logistics related requirement 12 2500 5000 13.7 Other Requirements 6 1500 3500 Total 24000 87 20500 3500 Table 1 continued. Functional Analysis Allocation 24000 7days 18500 5500 14 Scope 14.1 System Overview 7 1750 22250 14.2 Document Overview 4 1000 21250 15 Referenced Documents 9 2250 19000 16 Functional Analysis 24 4000 15000 17 Physical Design Overview 24 6250 8750 18 Component Details 8 3250 5500 Total 24000 76 18500 5500 Final System Specification 12000 7 days 11250 1750 19 System Description 8 2000 11000 20 Operational Requirements 5 1500 9500 21 Operational Constraints 5 1500 8250 22 System Evaluation 16 3000 4250 23 Final Documentation 12 3250 1000 Total 13000 46 11250 1000 Final Total 80000 282 68100 11900 Table1. Cost Note * 1 day = 8hrs and 5days per week (Monday to Friday) 3.3. Product testing method Product testing method is one of the most important steps in bringing out of our conceptual design of AMPHICAR II Project, which demands the recognition in the future when the product shall complete and reached at the market. The final product here is the AMPHICAR which is capable of travelling both road and water. The intention of the product testing method is to Ensure that the conceptual design of the product meets the design standards for employability, consistency, and user friendliness towards its functionality. Ensure the design meets the business goals and user needs. Ensure the design does not permit any changes at the final stage of its requirements and concept Ensure the behaviour of the system can be easily understood by the design engineers. Make sure that the design provides proper guidance to the designers to resolve any issues that may arise. Make sure that the design shall not distract the copyright of other brand in the global market. Ensure that the design is properly employed by the design engineers which can be easily interacted by the users and other products. Ensure the physical design matches up with the initial art design Ensure the safety features incorporated in the product shall always be enabling and These reviews are carried out at different phases precisely Project plan, system requirement specification, functional analysis and allocation and final system specification. At the end of each and stage a discussion session is made where all the team members and the manager (who assess the detail of design from the sub-system level to the component level), are gathered to review their respective tasks in each phase and the ideas are taken for any necessary changes of any improvement that can be done for bringing the project successful. The assessed document upon the end of each discussion will be sent as a draft to the project who verifies and evaluates the design and make a note to the manager and the team members if changes that are required for the design improvement and further evaluates after getting his job done by the team and approve the design and promote to the next phase. Thus the design of the final system specification is drawn and reviewed by the project director and approve the design for its release 4. Program management Program management is the mechanism by which the work of various operating functions within a company is integrated to create an effective business model. When program management is properly conceived and executed, it helps to execute business strategies much more effectively than an uncoordinated approach. The program manager must possess operational competencies, including project management methods and tools, to effectively manage the tactical elements of the program. Another important aspect of this core discipline set is that of becoming proficient in the specific processes and practices of the company that the program manager is a part of. Knowing how things get done, the policies and procedures that must be adhered to and who must be involved and approve various aspects of their program are critical for the successful completion of every program. During the early stages of conceptual design, it is essential that good communication between the producer and the customer be established from the beginning. The Design Engineer must fully understand the user requirements of the product to be designed. This can be achieved only we have a good communication between users. The communication modes used are Teleconference, E-mails, Fax and formal meeting between the project team members and others. Meeting agenda ( 2a) will be formatted for all meetings and distributed to all members before one day. And minutes of meeting ( 2b) are drafted and distributed to all members to follow up. The primary objective of our program management plan is to facilitate the timely integration of numerous design considerations into a functioning and Physical system that will be of high value to the user. Our program management consists of SEMP which already Stated in Gantt chart (System Engineering Management Plan), Statement of work (SOW), Work break down structure, schedule of tasks, Projecting costs for program task and interfacing with other planning activities. Our project has mentioned a configuration management plan to track the changes done from the beginning to the final review. During the later stage of our conceptual design we shall develop a comprehensive system engineering management plan (SEMP) to ensure the implementation of a program that will lead to a well coordinated and integrated product. a program is to exploit economies of scale and to reduce coordination costs and risks. programs deliver outcomes, program management is concerned with doing the right projects according to this view, successful projects deliver on time, to budget and to specification, whereas successful program deliver long term improvements to an organization design of the new product this delivers a design specification, modifications to the production factory Program and project management are both practical disciplines, Program management also emphasizes the coordinating and prioritizing of resources across project. Program management may provide a layer above the management of projects and focuses on selecting the projects, defining us in terms of their objectives and prov iding an environment where projects can be run successfully. Our organizations use the concept of Systems engineering where others use program management, ensure there are regular reviews; there is accountability, and that management of projects, allocation of resources influences the cost and success of the program. Infrastructure might cover offices, version control, and IT. A project must always have a specific end date, else it is an ongoing program. A project is designed to deliver an output or deliverable and its success will be in terms of delivering the right output at the right time and to the right cost. Program management is the mechanism by which the work of various operating functions within a company is integrated to create an effective business model. When program management is properly conceived and executed, management includes management of projects which, together, improve the Program management is the mechanism by which the work of various operating functions wit hin a company is integrated to create an effective business model. When program management is properly conceived and executed, performance of the organization. A programs success will be measured in terms of benefits. Program Management comprises a comprehensive suite of services addressing the full program life cycle and implemented by dedicated and highly skilled team members. PMP (Project Management Professional Program management practices put a continual focus on the business aspects of developing products, services and infrastructure. A skilled and competent program manager is the primary business manager on a program. We have Projects Managers that are certified and have decades of experience applying project management techniques and disciplines to client engagements in all industries. During our conceptual design phase we have scheduled a series of formal design reviews at discrete points where the design configuration involves from one level of definition to another. That is conceptual system, evolutions and design reviews. The successful implementation of system engineering principles and concepts is dependent not only on the technology issues and the process, but on management issues as well. Our BLR Engineering prepared a program management plan comprising series review meeting, audits, approval from user, risk managements, and some essential contingency plans. This program management plan guides all over activities throughout the project. 5. Risk management Risk management can therefore be considered the identification of the potential areas of risk. It is a part of the requirements and design stages in a project. Our team of experienced engineers has gone through the assessment and prioritization of risks followed by coordinated and economical application of resources to minimize, monitor, and control the probability and/or impact of unfortunate events or to maximize the realization of opportunities. One of the first steps of our risk management is the identification of the potential areas of risk. Risk shall include funding, schedule, and contract, relationships, political and technical. All of these hazardous shall be identified and evaluated and risk mitigation performed. Risk analysis should be performed as part of the risk management process for each project. Once a hazard identified as below, the steps of the risk managements process are as follows, Assess the current risk Define the acceptable level of the risk Decision on the response of the risk. Our risk management plan consists of four processes such as 1. Identification 2. Assessment 3. Analysis 4. Controls/Implementation 5. Responsibility As far as concerned about conceptual design process we may have these few types of risk only. Which are? 1. Technical Risk The possibility that technical requirement of the system will not be achieved. That is our design wont meets the system requirements adequately. We have planned to tackle such risk by remedial actions given in the table below 2. Schedule Risk The possibility that the project will fail to meet the scheduled milestones, such as those mentioned in our project plan. To tackle this issue we have identified possible cause and effects and of course the remedial actions to be taken respective 3. Cost Risk The possibility that the project will fail to meet the scheduled milestones and the cost of the project will go up and difficult to meet the budget. These are the probable risk that might be encountered and the contingency plan to overcome in the planning phase: Potential Risk 1 Difficulties in meeting up for our group member to discuss on the project due to different working schedule. Possible Solution to Risk1 Meeting to be done on every Saturday afternoon so the plans can be executed in the weekends before submitting the drafts. Ideally, meeting could also be schedule after 8 pm for a brief update on progress. Potential Risk 2 Group members have difficulties in meeting at convenient venue. Possible Solution to Risk2 Meeting can be done at any National Libraries or APMI campus when not only the environment is convenient for learning Potential Risk 3 Group member/s might fall sick and might not be able to meet for discussion. Possible Solution to Risk3 Work progress should be continually updated through email. Potential Risk 4 Group member/s may face problems in software incompatibility and in data sharing. Possible Solution to Risk4 Group member must work on common PC platform to avoid compatibility issues (e.g. one works on LINUX, and another one works on Mac Operating System and may result in unintended data corruption unable to read or edit documents. Better to work on common platform PC like Microsoft OFFICE and OpenProj for common means of compatibility. Any need of using unfamiliar program must be made known and shared so that each and everyone of the member can learn and use the new program. Potential Risk 5 Anyone of the Group member might encounter risk of data loss or corruption. Possible Solution to Risk5 Group member must regularly backup their data on their PC and must have a secondary means of backup (eg. Thumb drive or external hard drive). Seek advice from Mr. Bill Daniels through the discussion Board provided on course website. Initial Project Risk Assessment SNo Identify Hazard Hazard Assessment Causes Effects Implement / Controls Responsi- bility 1 Budget estimation unlikely 1. Substantial cost increase in the project 1. Source for more economical alternative to control spending. 2. Maintain strict accounting practice. Balaji 2 Unrealistic Projected timeline Frequently 1. Delay in project 2. Bad image for team 3. Loss due to time delay Strict to the time frame set for the work schedule and Gantt chart. Balaji 3 Disruption to System Equipment Frequently 1. Loss of Equipment 2. Delay in project 1. Constant backup. 2. Escalate of any unusual encounter. Rakesh 4 Manpower management Frequently 1. Delay in project 2. Overload of team member 1. Co-ordinate meeting regularly to delegate task and work discussion. 2. Meeting to be done on Saturday Lakshmanan 5 Group members have difficulties in meeting at convenient venue Likely 1. Delay in project 2. Substantial delay in all phases of the project Meeting can be done at any National Libraries or APMI campus when not only the environment is conducive for learning but laptop user could have access to internet wireless connection. Lakshmanan 6 Face problems in software incompatibility and in data sharing. Likely 1. Delay in document work 2. Delay in project Group member must work on common PC platform to avoid compatibility issues (e.g. one works on LINUX, and another one works on APPLE Operating System and may result in unintended data corruption unable to read or edit documents. Better to work on common platform PC like Microsoft OFFICE and OpenProj for common means of compatibility. Any need of using unfamiliar program must be made known and shared so that each and everyone of the member can learn and use the new program Rakesh 7 Group member might encounter risk of data loss or corruption. Likely 1. Loss of all details and documents. Group member must regularly backup their data on their PC and must have a secondary means of backup (e.g. Hard disk, Thumb drive). Rakesh 8 Vendor and Supplier co-ordination issue. Frequently 1. Delay in project 2. Bad image for team 3. Loss due to time delay Plan early and have back-up resources in the event existing vendor meet constraint. Lakshmanan 9 Having doubt in preparing draft. Frequently 1. Delay in project Seek advice from Mr Bill Daniels through the discussion Board provided on course website. Balaji Lakshmanan Rakesh Table2. Initial Project Risk Assessment 6. Resources required Resources are also a very important in the course of a project development. Availability of the different kinds of resources must be used satisfactorily. It is critical to establish a credible schedule because the timing of activities not only depends on the logical dependencies between them, but also on the availability of the required resources. Our group member has used as many as facilities available to achieve the required satisfaction of the information. The resources we use to accomplish the goal of acquiring the conceptual design of an amphibious car are, Hardware I. Computer To work on the project report development II. Computer peripherals To copy the draft data. To print the draft copy for verification. Software III. Core University 5.0 by Vitech Corporation To have the breakdown of the requirements To display the conceptual design through Flow Functional Block Diagram and Hierarchy Application Packages IV. Microsoft Project Professional 2003 To create schedule for the entire project plan To design the chart for the work task allocation Ensure the time limited for the task is look upon V. Microsoft Word To type the final specification report of the project Facilities VI. Internet media To gain access to the video media regarding amphibious vehicle such as you tube To search related information regarding amphibious vehicle To gain access to the related websites To have communication with the project supervisor To have a convenient place to discuss the project development matters The usage of this media is vastly great VII. Money/Time Funds To have food/refreshments for members attending discussion for the entire project plan Towards the expenses like photocopying, phone calls, printing / copying To have transport facilities To make free ourselves on the discussion planned days. 7 Deliverables For our projects deliverables are the stuff/function that can be the result for the task implementation, it consists of things or stuff such as presentation (MSPowerpoint Slideshows), documentation requirements, total design documentation etc. The documents as deliverables used here are namely the System Engineering Management Plan, System Requirement, Functional Analysis and Allocation, and Final System Specification. System Engineering Management Plan (SEMP) This plan consists of the Scope of the Project, Work Breakdown Structure as Schedule, Cost and Product Testing method, Operation concept. It has to be executed in such a way to get the best result by assigning individual task to the respective team members thereby lead the project together with proper planning to bring the required outcome. System Requirements and Specifications (SRS) This emphasise the task that determines the needs for the product, users, designers, system and subsystems. It identifies the needs of each stakeholder. Functional Analysis and Allocation (FA A) This transforms the system level requirement into functions and analyse the behaviour of the system to get the desired result. And these functions are allocated into a physical design (component level). It can be seen in detail through Functional flow block diagram. Final system specification This document comprises all the above three documents which seeks approval from the Project director for the release of the design to Production. 8. Organisational structure We believe on team work, so at all phases the task has been evenly distributed to our team members according to their role. The process flow is as follows, getting the instruction from project director the task has been distributed to the Project Design engineer by the Project manager and also the whole project is monitored by the Project director. 9. Operational Concept The world is in needs of better and more effective and efficient vehicle that could save money, earth, resources and time of travelling which will be having the various good features when operates in both the environments. Keeping that in mind our Engineering team with the engineering skills would like to design an amphibious vehicle having capable of travelling both in road and water. i.e user friendly navigation system safety protection which will meet the customer needs as customer is mainly dependent on the effective and efficient transportation to commute in his day to day life. As the name goes, the designed Amphibious Car having the capability to travel both on land and on water promises to be more environmental friendly than any other amphibious car compared to existing or future market .The idea behind this is from the automobile researchers who have been done and many have succeeded but unable to market the vehicle as it still needs more work has to be done. Some engineers also did research beyond their imagination but some have succeeded and some are still a long way. The conceptual design of amphibious vehicle will be aimed to provide comfortable journey, trouble free service, energy efficient and environment friendly with Safety features for the customers and the features include well designed with double secured protection against water leak and corrosion of vehicles body parts by using the anti corrosive materials and fail safe controls , fuel efficient, operating at an economical way by giving good mileage and the vehicle would be engineered in way of reducing carbon dioxide emission and reducing pollution to Mother Nature as analysed by our expert engineers it would also benefit the market as a new breed of automobile needs many suitable workshop and fuel station. The vehicle has a robust designed in such a way it is very compatibility for both the conditions either it is in water or on the land. The vehicle will be operated as a boat when in water and navigation system made easy during high tides water currents and during windy seasons. The vehicle will be like normal cars when it operates on the road. The design of the bigger wheels will be providing a better ride in terrain, mud and snow and excellent traction capability with 4 gear power transmission and will provide excellent driving experience. The Vehicle will be designed to have a sportive external look. The look and feel of the designed vehicle is such that it would posses pleasant Interior colours , leg rooms spacious comfortable seatings and incorporating entertainment systems which ensures smooth and comfortable rides both on land and water. The vehicle would be cost effective under long run as the he vehicle has been designed in a way that would have less maintenance. The rugged a nd robust design assures reliability of the vehicle. The vehicle will equipped with a spare tyre and necessary tools. Our team has scheduled the conceptual design tasks and our expertise will fulfil every aspect of the customer requirement in terms of operational, maintenance and service needs and to make it big success in the market. 1. Scope 1.1 System overview Our project Amphicar II as the name suggests the vehicle is designed such that is viable both on land and water. It is a sports convertible full rear seat, well designed family size customer vehicle taking into account for the complete luxury as well as the safety of the customer. Customer can plan to drive right off a road or beach onto any lake or river as it is not only a luxurious car once on land but safely floats on water also because the bottom of the vehicle consists of rubber seals which forms a watertight seal. Some of the key design specification of the Amphicar II are: Its proficient 4 cylinder engine has 4 speed auto transmission forward speeds, Front wheels act as twin rudders for fast responsive handling, rear mounted for superior traction on the road, fitted with accelerator control system making the vehicle to run fuel economically both in road and water fitted with 2 rear lamps each and inbuilt side indicators, Speed O meter (digital) to display the cars speed, Coming to the functional aspect of the Amphicar II, once the doors are checked to be closed the customer can just drive into the water edge, and once when the car is into water, the customer is required to put land gear into neutral and then can use the facilities of the propeller or Amphibian jet by engaging it with the smaller stick which has three positions forward, neutral and reverse. Although virtually it is identical to the rest of the Amphibious vehicles, our Amphicar II distinct itself from other late models by having some of the technologies like heater placement, shock mountings, lower body lip and dash treatment and most importantly safety aspect is also considered like emergency rescue equipments and just like any other boats its fully complemented with all the essential maritime equipment like water navigation lights, walkie talkie and an electric pump to expel leak aboard. Our full fledged Amphicar II aims to be tested at the nearest lake side water located in Singapore which provides a chance for the customer to witness our product which also helps us modifying against the Customer requirements if required accordingly The overall Amphicar II project shall be sponsored by Duck Tours Singapore Tourism board. We are confident that this shall provide them a very good public advertisement ensuring the tourism sector remains competitive by allowing the foreigners to visit west side of Singapore and hence making a key contributor to the economy in the years to come. And the responsibility of development of the Amphicar II shall be by Jatin Marine Corporation Ltd since Marine industry of Singapore is handled well by them over period of time and they have potential to progress in engineering and as well as the project from the technical point of view. 1.2 Document overview Requirement analysis is an important key for the success of any development project and it encompasses the task which goes in determining the needs of the product, taking in account of the requirements of the stakeholders such as beneficial of the users. Taking that into account, this document features the following steps in the system requirement process for Amphicar II Identifying and proper analysing of the possible conflicting requirements of the stakeholders and gathering them into the need of the requirement analysis Understanding the Business Requirement followed by defining the process model. Technical approach for the gathered and understood system design including the maintenance concept for the product (Amphicar II) Reviewing the prioritized technical performance measures and other related criteria Checking the functional specification which describes systematically how the Consumer (customer) will use the application project. Towards privacy of the design of Amphicar vehicles future developments, this document shall be Strictly Confidential within the Manufacturer. This document is sensitive enough hence to avoid complications or design copyright issues, document is fully secured with in house policy deployment. 2. Referenced documents v How AMPHICAR works https://auto.howstuffworks.com/1961-1968-Amphicar.htm Referred on 18/01/2010 v Car design and Testing guide https://books.google.com/books?id=M9MDAAAAMBAJpg=PA62dq=Amphicar+designas_brr=1cd=2#v=onepageq=Amphicar%20designf=false Referred on 17/01/2010 v Federal motor vehicle safety standards https://www.nhtsa.dot.gov/cars/rules/import/fmvss/index.html Referred on 18/01/2010 v Propeller design selection information by Yamaha https://www.yamaha-motor.com/outboard/assets/whatsnew/Propeller_Descriptions.pdf Referred on 21/01/2010 v How Aquada works https://auto.howstuffworks.com/aquada4.htm Referred on 21/01/2010 v System safety requirements https://www.truelockbolt.com/Repts+Specs/MIL-STD-810F-514.5.pdf Referred on 21/01/2010 v A reference of Amphicar technical Specification https://www.amphicar.com/specs.htm Referred on 21/01/2010 v A demonstration of Amphicar Operation Referred on 22/01/2010 v A Short course on Automobile Brake system https://www.familycar.com/brakes.htm Referred on 22/01/2010 v Australian Motor Standard Act 1989 https://www.comlaw.gov.au/ComLaw/Legislation/ActCompilation1.nsf/0/BB16074A251B95F5CA2572040019D78D/$file/MotorVehiclesStandards1989.pdf Referred on 20/01/2010 3. Needs The needs for the Amphicar II project are as follows and it is categorised in seven different needs. The each need in the attribute has a unique identifier number where these identifiers are to be used as the reference for the requirement document and subsequent documents. General needs: 3.1.1 The Amphicar need to travel on both land and water 3.1.2 The Amphicar needs to perform of at least 90% of efficiency while the vehicle travelling in water. 3.1.3 The vehicle need to fulfil Australian motor design standard act 1989 3.1.4 The vehicle need to be fitted with the Speed-O-meter (digital) to display the cars speed 3.1.5 The vehicle need to be fitted with 2 rear lamps each and inbuilt side indicators 3.1.6 The Amphicar need to be fitted with rear viewing mirror which tilting of at least 120oDegrees 3.1.7 The Amphicar need to be fitted with 2 head lights where halogen lamps preferred. 3.1.8 The vehicle need to use under any weather conditions which may varies between -40oC to +70oC 3.1.9 The vehicle need to be fitted with accelerator control system which runs the vehicle at fuel economy both in road and water 3.1.10 The vehicle need to be fitted with at least two propellers or amphibian jet which mounted at the rear of the vehicle to steer in water System capability Need:- 3.2.1 The vehicle need to be equipped with 4 speed auto transmission gears with bidirectional controls for steering in road. 3.2.2 The vehicle need to be equipped with 2 speed auto transmission gears with bidirectional controls for steering in water. 3.2.3 The vehicle need to be equipped with steering control system which ensures the safe operation in water too 3.2.4 The vehicle need to be equipped with fuel tank of capacity not exceeding 75litres of standard size 3.2.5 The vehicle needs to be operated with a speed of 100mph in road (Max), at an acceleration of 0 60mph in less than 10 seconds 3.2.6 The vehicle need to be operated with a speed of 30mph in water or 20Knots (Max) and accelerate to a plane in 5seconds 3.2.7 The engine capacity need of at least a power of 175hp, 2.5ltr, 24valve engine. 3.2.8 The Amphibian jet weighs not more than 100 pounds 3.2.9 The Amphicar need to weighs not more than 300 pounds and length not more than 40 inches 3.2.10 The Amphicar need to be equipped with the Automobile rechargeable 12V DC maintenance free alkaline battery. Safety Needs 3.3.1 The vehicle need to be fitted with braking systems 3.3.2 The vehicle need to be fitted with brake hold latch system 3.3.3 The vehicle need to protect the car under leakage and corrosion while travelling in water 3.3.4 The vehicle need to provide the seating system safety (Safety seat belt etc,) 3.3.5 The Amphicar need to be door less design which overcomes the problem with the doors while travelling in water 3.3.6 The every component of the Amphicar need to be tested under extreme conditions which undergone not less than 1500 hours of salt spray test towards the corrosion. 3.3.7 The lower parts of the Amphicar need to be coated with special chemical which combat against sinking while Amphicar travels in water 3.3.8 The Amphicar need to be undergone for float tests of 1000 hours under extreme conditions. 3.3.9 The Amphicar need to be fitted with first aid kit in accordance with the safety standards 3.3.10 The Amphicar need to have life saving jackets of at least for the 4 occupants (Max) Personnel Related Needs 3.4.1 The vehicle needs to provide the seating arrangement of at least 4 individuals 3.4.2 The vehicle needs to be capable of withstanding of at least 1ton of capacity to accommodate obese people. 3.4.3 The vehicle need to be fitted with 2 wipers at front glass comfortable driving when rainy. Security and Privacy Needs 3.5.1 The vehicle needs to be equipped with anti theft prevention 3.5.2 The vehicle need to be equipped with the wireless key controller. 3.5.3 The vehicles driving controls, navigational system and other displays shall be fitted privately to the car driver. Logistics Related Needs 3.6.1 The vehicle need to be competent in travelling road on high abrupt roads. 3.6.2 The Amphicar engine need also be fitted with the Amphibians jet, which shall expel not less than 1 ton of thrust where it is the force needed to plane in water. 3.6.3 The vehicle needs to be comfortable enough while travelling on both road and water by fitting the hand grips, resting pads, Audio player, etc., 3.6.4 The vehicle needs to be fitted GPS (Road map) navigational system for secure travel. 3.6.5 The vehicle needs to be less noisy and pollution free and totally it must be environmental friendly. Other Needs 3.7.1 The vehicle need to be given with the manufacturer identification. 3.7.2 The vehicle need to be given a unique vehicle identification number 3.7.3 The vehicle need to be provided with vehicle in use inspection standards 3.7.4 The vehicle need to be provided warning devices when travelling and at time of parking. 3.7.5 The vehicle need to be capable to follow the Automobile average Fuel economy standard. 4. Requirements 4.1 General Requirements Requirement Identifier: 4.1.1 Requirement: The Amphicar vehicle must able to float in water, successfully transition from land to water and vice-versa. Priority: High Traceability: 3.1.1 Verification Method: Demonstration Analysis Requirement Identifier: 4.1.2 Requirement: The Amphicar shall have the efficiency of at least 90% when travelling in water Priority: High Traceability: 3.1.2 Verification Method: Demonstration Analysis Requirement Identifier: 4.1.3 Requirement: The Amphicar vehicle must comply with Australian motor design standard act 1989. Priority: High Traceability: 3.1.3 Verification Method: Demonstration Simulation Requirement Identifier: 4.1.4 Requirement: The vehicle shall be provided the Speed display unit with a range of 0-250 Km/hr in accordance with Standard No. 101 Priority: High Traceability: 3.1.4 Verification Method: Demonstration Requirement Identifier: 4.1.5 Requirement: The Amphicar shall be fitted 2 rear lamps of 100lumens each with the side indicators Standard No. 108 Priority: High Traceability: 3.1.5 Verification Method: Demonstration Analysis Requirement Identifier: 4.1.6 Requirement: The vehicle shall be fitted with rear viewing mirror in accordance with Standard No. 111 Priority: Medium Traceability: 3.1.6 Verification Method: Demonstration Analysis Requirement Identifier: 4.1.7 Requirement: The vehicle shall be fitted with 2 Front headlights of 250lumens Standard No. 108 Priority: High Traceability: 3.1.7 Verification Method: Demonstration Analysis Requirement Identifier: 4.1.8 Requirement: The vehicle shall use under any weather conditions which may varies between -40oC to +70oC Priority: High Traceability: 3.1.8 Verification Method: Demonstration Analysis Requirement Identifier: 4.1.9 Requirement: The vehicle shall be fitted with accelerator control system which runs the vehicle at fuel economy both in road and water in accordance with Standard No. 124 Priority: High Traceability: 3.1.9 Verification Method: Simulation Requirement Identifier: 4.1.10 Requirement: The vehicle shall be fitted with at least two propellers or amphibian jet which mounted at the rear of the vehicle to steer in water. Priority: High Traceability: 3.1.10 Verification Method: Demonstration Analysis 4.2 System Capability Requirements Requirement Identifier: 4.2.1 Requirement: The vehicle shall be equipped with 4 speed auto transmission gears with bidirectional controls for steering in road in accordance with MIL-STD-641D Priority: Medium Traceability: 3.2.1 Verification Method: Demonstration Analysis Requirement Identifier: 4.2.2 Requirement: The vehicle shall be equipped with 2 speed auto transmission gears with bidirectional controls for steering in water in connection with MIL-STD-641D Priority: Medium Traceability: 3.2.2 Verification Method: Demonstration Analysis Requirement Identifier: 4.2.3 Requirement: The vehicle shall comply with Standard No. 203 towards steering control system which ensures the safe operation in water too. Priority: High Traceability: 3.2.3 Verification Method: Simulation Requirement Identifier: 4.2.4 Requirement: The vehicle shall be equipped with fuel tank of capacity not exceeding 75litres of standard size as given by FTC-1001 Priority: Medium Traceability: 3.2.4 Verification Method: Demonstration Analysis Requirement Identifier: 4.2.5 Requirement: The vehicle shall be operated with a speed of 100Kmph in road (Max), at an acceleration of 0 60Kmph in less than 10 seconds Priority: Medium Traceability: 3.2.5 Verification Method: Demonstration Analysis Requirement Identifier: 4.2.6 Requirement: The vehicle shall be operated with a speed of 40Kmph in water or 15Knots (Max) and accelerate to a plane in 5seconds. Priority: Medium Traceability: 3.2.6 Verification Method: Demonstration Analysis Requirement Identifier: 4.2.7 Requirement: The engine capacity of not more than power 175hp, 2.5ltr, 24valve engine. Priority: Medium Traceability: 3.2.7 Verification Method: Demonstration, Analysis Calculation Requirement Identifier: 4.2.8 Requirement: The Amphibian jet weighs not more than 100 pounds Priority: Medium Traceability: 3.2.8 Verification Method: Demonstration, Analysis Calculation Requirement Identifier: 4.2.9 Requirement: The Amphicar shall weighs not more than 300 pounds and length not more than 40 inches Priority: Medium Traceability: 3.2.9 Verification Method: Demonstration, Analysis Calculation Requirement Identifier: 4.2.10 Requirement: The Amphicar shall be equipped with Automobile rechargeable 12V DC maintenance free alkaline battery. Priority: Medium Traceability: 3.2.10 Verification Method: Demonstration, Analysis Calculation 4.3 Safety Requirements Requirement Identifier: 4.3.1 Requirement: The vehicle shall be fitted with braking systems in accordance with Standard No. 105 Priority: High Traceability: 3.3.1 Verification Method: Demonstration Analysis Requirement Identifier: 4.3.2 Requirement: The vehicle shall be fitted with brake hold latch system in accordance with Standard No. 113 Priority: High Traceability: 3.3.2 Verification Method: Demonstration Analysis Requirement Identifier: 4.3.3 Requirement: The vehicle shall protect the car under leakage and corrosion while travelling in water in conformance with MIL-STD-810 Priority: High Traceability: 3.3.3 Verification Method: Simulation Requirement Identifier: 4.3.4 Requirement: The vehicle shall provide the seating system safety (Safety seat belt etc.,) as per Standard No. 209 Standard No. 210 Priority: High Traceability: 3.3.4 Verification Method: Demonstration Analysis Requirement Identifier: 4.3.5 Requirement: The Amphicar must be door less design which overcomes the problem with the doors while travelling in water Priority: High Traceability: 3.3.5 Verification Method: Demonstration, Analysis Calculation Requirement Identifier: 4.3.6 Requirement: The every component of the Amphicar shall be tested under extreme conditions which undergone not less than 1500 hours of salt spray test towards the corrosion. Priority: High Traceability: 3.3.6 Verification Method: Demonstration, Analysis Calculation Requirement Identifier: 4.3.7 Requirement: The lower part of the Amphicar shall be coated with special chemical which combat against sinking while Amphicar travels in water Priority: High Traceability: 3.3.7 Verification Method: Demonstration, Analysis Calculation Requirement Identifier: 4.3.8 Requirement: The Amphicar shall be undergone for float tests of 1000 hours under extreme conditions. Priority: High Traceability: 3.3.8 Verification Method: Demonstration, Analysis Calculation Requirement Identifier: 4.3.9 Requirement: The Amphicar shall be fitted with first aid kit in accordance with the safety standards. Priority: Medium Traceability: 3.3.9 Verification Method: Demonstration Analysis Requirement Identifier: 4.3.10 Requirement: The Amphicar shall have life saving jackets of at least for the 4 occupants (Max) Priority: Medium Traceability: 3.3.10 Verification Method: Demonstration Analysis 4.4 Personnel Related Requirements Requirement Identifier: 4.4.1 Requirement: The vehicle shall provide the seating arrangement of at least 4 individuals as per Standard No. 207 Priority: Medium Traceability: 3.4.1 Verification Method: Demonstration Analysis Requirement Identifier: 4.4.2 Requirement: The vehicle shall be capable of withstanding of at least 1ton of capacity to accommodate obese people. Priority: Low Traceability: 3.4.2 Verification Method: Demonstration Analysis Requirement Identifier: 4.4.3 Requirement: The vehicle shall be fitted with 2 wipers at front glass in compliance with Standard No. 104 Priority: Medium Traceability: 3.4.3 Verification Method: Demonstration Analysis 4.5 Security Privacy related Requirements Requirement Identifier: 4.5.1 Requirement: The vehicle shall be equipped with anti theft prevention in compliance with Federal motor standard Part 541 Priority: Medium Traceability: 3.5.1 Verification Method: Demonstration Analysis Requirement Identifier: 4.5.2 Requirement: The vehicle shall be equipped with the wireless key controller. Priority: Medium Traceability: 3.5.2 Verification Method: Demonstration Analysis Requirement Identifier: 4.5.3 Requirement: The vehicles driving controls, navigational system and other displays shall be fitted privately to the car driver. Priority: Medium Traceability: 3.5.3 Verification Method: Demonstration Analysis 4.6 Logistics Related Requirements Requirement Identifier: 4.6.1 Requirement: The vehicle shall be competent in travelling road on high abrupt roads. Priority: Medium Traceability: 3.6.1 Verification Method: Demonstration Analysis Requirement Identifier: 4.6.2 Requirement: The Amphicar engine shall also be fitted with the Amphibians jet, which shall expel not less than 1 ton of thrust where it is the force needed to plane in water. Priority: Medium Traceability: 3.2.8 Verification Method: Demonstration, Analysis Calculation Requirement Identifier: 4.6.3 Requirement: The vehicle shall be comfortable enough while travelling on both road and water by fitting the hand grips, resting pads, Audio player, etc., Priority: Medium Traceability: 3.6.3 Verification Method: Demonstration Analysis Requirement Identifier: 4.6.4 Requirement: The vehicle shall be fitted GPS (Road map) navigational system for comfortable travel. Priority: Medium Traceability: 3.6.4 Verification Method: Demonstration Analysis Requirement Identifier: 4.6.5 Requirement: The vehicle shall be less noise and pollution and totally it must be environmental friendly. Priority: Medium Traceability: 3.6.5 Verification Method: Demonstration Analysis 4.7 Other Requirements Requirement Identifier: 4.7.1 Requirement: The vehicle shall be given with the manufacturer identification as per Part 566 Priority: Medium Traceability: 3.7.1 Verification Method: Demonstration Analysis Requirement Identifier: 4.7.2 Requirement: The vehicle shall be given a unique vehicle identification number as per Part 565 Priority: Medium Traceability: 3.7.2 Verification Method: Demonstration Analysis Requirement Identifier: 4.7.3 Requirement: The vehicle shall be provided with vehicle in use inspection standards as per Part 570 Priority: Medium Traceability: 3.7.3 Verification Method: Demonstration Analysis Requirement Identifier: 4.7.4 Requirement: The vehicle shall be provided warning devices when travelling and at the time of parking in compliance Standard No. 125 Priority: Medium Traceability: 3.7.4 Verification Method: Demonstration Analysis Requirement Identifier: 4.7.5 Requirement: The vehicle shall be capable to follow the Automobile average Fuel economy standard as per Part 570 Priority: Medium Traceability: 3.7.5 Verification Method: Demonstration Analysis 1.1 System Overview Amphicar II is a Amphibious car well designed for commercial purpose. As the name suggests this vehicle can travel both on land and on water operating at a speed of 100mph in road (Max), at an acceleration of 0 60Kmph in less than 10 seconds,40Kmph in water or 15Knots (Max) and accelerate to a plane in 5seconds respectively. It behaves as a luxurious family car on land and once on water the front wheel steers into the water and when it sub-merges into the water, the wheels that are attach to the car will be retract with the help of a push button. Once the wheels have been successful retracted, it adds swiftness and mobility to the vehicle, thus enhance the overall performance and efficiency. The door get sealed up by the two rubber strips which work similar to refrigerator door seals and once the vehicle need to be moved or change the direction second gear lever can be used which controls the propeller frontward or backward, and this vehicle is designed such that it can stay inside the water without leakage for many hours. The design specification of the Amphicar II are: Its proficient 4 cylinder engine has 2 speed auto transmission forward speeds, Front wheels act as twin rudders for fast responsive handling, rear mounted for superior traction on the road, fitted with accelerator control system making the vehicle to run fuel economically both in road and water fitted with 2 rear lamps each and inbuilt side indicators, Speed O meter (digital) to display the cars speed, Some of the technologies like heater placement, shock mountings, lower body lip and dash treatment and most importantly safety aspect is also considered like emergency rescue equipments and just like any other boats makes Amphicar II distinct than the other modes and It is fully complemented with all the essential maritime equipment like water navigation lights, walkie talkie and an electric pump to expel leak aboard Our full fledged Amphicar II aims to be tested at the nearest lake side water located in Singapore which provides a chance for the customer to witness our product which also helps us modifying against the Customer requirements if required accordingly. The overall Amphicar II project shall be sponsored by Duck Tours Singapore Tourism board. We are confident that this shall provide them a very good public advertisement ensuring the tourism sector remains competitive by allowing the foreigners to visit west side of Singapore and hence making a key contributor to the economy in the years to come. And the responsibility of development of the Amphicar II shall be by Jatin.Corp Marine Ltd since Marine industry of Singapore is handled well by them over period of time and they have potential to progress in engineering and as well as the project from the technical point of view. The maintenance of this Amphicar II is more than a car but not much more than 4WD which is used off road. We can get any car mechanic to maintain this car. 1.2 Document Overview This document features the following steps in the system requirement process for Amphicar II Identifying and proper analysing of the possible conflicting requirements of the stakeholders and gathering them into the need of the requirement analysis like Each key attached to the vehicle is unique, in the event if the key is lost, Original key can be requested from the main distributor. The vehicle will not start if the wrong set of key is used. The car is only calibrated to work with the original key. In this way, the security of the car is enhanced. Amphicar II has an excellent road grip, and can apply sudden brakes once inside water 2. Referenced Documents This section shall list the number, title, revision, and date of all documents referenced in this specification. Car Maintenance tips https://www.carbibles.com/maintenancetips.html Referred on 27.01.2010 Aerodynamics Basics https://www.recumbents.com/car_aerodynamics/ Referred on 27.01.2010 Aqua dynamics Basics https://www.physorg.com/news128857835.html Referred on 26.01.2010 System Engineering and Management Plan Referred on 23.01.2010 Systems Requirement Specification Referred on 23.01.2010 AMPHICAR II System Specifications 1.2 3. Functional Analysis A Functional Hierarchy Based on the targets given by AdSing Systems engineering and the paradigm requirements (which are given in SRS), the functional analysis of the amphibious car has been done. The identified functions are decomposed in the sub-functions, the detailed functional hierarchy of these functions and sub functions are arranged below. The Functional Flow block diagram of the identified functions is also represented below. In fact the flow between the identified functions is given below, provides the sequence of functions on conditional basis. For example the land transportation and water transportation system must be in good condition at all times. Any one system failure will results in purpose of the vehicle will not be reached. So interlock between these 2 systems is essential. Traceable requirement Identifier land transportation 1.1.1 4.1.1 1.1.2 4.2.1 4.2.2 1.1.3 4.2.3 water transportation 1.2.1 4.2.6 1.2.2 4.1.9 1.2.3 4.1.10 1.2.4 4.2.6 Maintenance Aspects 1.3.1 4.2.5 1.3.2 4.3.6 1.3.3 4.2.7 1.3.4 4.2.10 Optimum performance 1.4.1 4.2.5 1.4.2. 4.2.6 1.4.3 4.2.8 4.2.9 1.4.5.1 4.6.3 1.4.5.2 1.4.7 4.1.8 safety 1.5.1 4.3.2 4.3.4 1.5.2 4.3.1 1.5.3 4.3.9 1.5.4.1 4.6.5 1.5.4.2 security 1.6.1 4.5.1 1.6.2.1 4.5.3 1.6.2.2 1.6.3 4.5.2 Logistics 1.7.1 4.6.1 1.7.2 4.6.3 1.7.3.1 4.6.4 1.7.3.2 Table3 Traceability of functional Analysis 67 AMPHICAR II System Specifications 1.3 4. Physical Design 4.1 Physical Overview Physical hierarchy The breakdown of the system into its subcomponents and its relevance where it is related to other components are given as below, 4.2 Component Details According to their function, the components classification is given in section 4.1. The below section describes briefly of these components attributes and the functions it performs 4.2.1 Land Transportation System The main part of this vehicle is to move in land first before it is used in water transport and here it is very important that it is responsible to move the passengers and luggage to the required destination. This vehicle standard shall comply Australian vehicle design rules. This system component can be classified as Automobile engine, Power steering, Radiator for engine cooling, and aero dynamic design. Automobile Engine :- It provides the vehicle to move on road by driving force the wheels, which is also responsible for pollution free (less CO emissions and noise) and effectively conserves the fuel (Unleaded Petrol) or this engine may be replaced with the Electric powered machine to maintain eco-friendliness. Radiator :- It is responsible for cooling the engine and basically it is liquid cooling. Power Steering : It controls the direction vehicles movement. Also it reduces the effort needed to steer as compared with normal steering. Aero Dynamic Design : It allows the vehicle to have less air resistance and improves the cars performance and mileage or fuel conservation. 4.2.2 Water Transportation System The next of the vehicle Is to travel on the water, where it first float perfectly and then with the help of the Amphibian jet the car must move in the water. Here the thrust of the jet is sufficient enough to move the vehicle mass. The responsible of the system is to carry the passenger and the materials to their destination by which this systems components are Amphibian jet, Wheel retraction system, floating capabilities, and Aqua dynamics. Amphibian Jet : The thrust of the jet is required that it shall expel not less than 1 ton where it is the force needed for the vehicle to move in water. Wheel Retraction System :- This system has much responsible and helps the vehicle to move in to water at rated speed, at the time of propulsion the four wheels are retracted to its home position which helps to the car to move Floating capability :- When the car move in to the water from land, its first mission is to float in the water perfectly. To make happen the body of the car (bottom) must be especially chemical coated and the design of the car must be door less and the relevant features make it happen to float. Aqua Dynamics :- The design standard is responsible for floating and moving the car in water and with the body and the amphibian jet and whose ultimate aim is to travel in water with ease and for the purpose of leisure. 4.2.3 Maintenance Aspects Superior Quality engine :- The quality of the engine helps the vehicle at any conditions the vehicle shall perform to benchmark of the requirement. And hence it reduces the breakdown maintenance by increasing the MTTF (Mean time to failure) and decreasing the MTBF (Mean time between failures). Waterproof Battery :- The water proof battery is responsible for the ignition system, trouble free working at the time of engine starting. Improved Efficiency engine :- The efficiency of the engine must same at all times when it travel on road or water and also try when it run in abrupt roads. Residual buoyancy :- This gives protection against sinking of the car while travelling on the water. 4.2.4 Optimum Performance Acceleration :- The system must perform well on both road and water and which ensures the vehicle movement from standstill. At the same time it shall also consider on the fuel conservation, before the fuel send to the combustible chamber of the engine it must be fitted with the regulator. Usually it shall be specified as the speed with respect to time. Power drive:- The car engine shall have the capacity of maximum BHP, by it gives the full torque required when it travels in abrupt roads. It also shows the driving capacity of the car to handle the different passengers and with the loaded materials in the storage compartment. Perfect transformation :- While switch over from land travel to water, the transformation of gear mechanism shall be perfect which ensures the cars capability to travel on both land and water. Leisure :- The purpose of the car is defined as for leisure and hence it shall fulfil all the necessary requirements in the car like portable car audio system which plays the multiple format of audio songs it should be water proof and also equipped with the mini gaming console like Sony PSP etc. Works at any weather conditions :- This Amphicar must be capable of withstanding and working with any weather conditions. With its ignition system shall always be active at all times 4.2.5 Safety Accident Protection :- Amphicar II are commonly powered by on-board battery packs, and as such are the automakers were widely accused of deliberate self-sabotage, failing to adequately promote their AMPHI CAR II in order to create the false impression that consumers, the use of helmets and seat belts at a 45 angle in Amphicar. They created the inertial reel and the concept of the instrument panel. Braking System :- The most common automotive uses of master cylinders are in brake and clutch systems. In brake systems, the operated devices are cylinders inside of brakes, these cylinders may be called wheel cylinders or slave cylinders, The cylinder is a control device that converts non-hydraulic pressure. The hydraulic pressure created by moving a piston (inside the bore of the master cylinder) toward the slave cylinder(s) compresses the fluid evenly displacement applied to each slave cylinder First aid :- First aid is the provision of initial care for an illness or injury. It is usually performed by a lay person to a sick or injured Oxygen first aid has been used as an emergency treatment for diving injuries for years The success of recompression therapy as well as Emergency medical services may also be locally known as: first aid squad, emergency squad, rescue squad, ambulance squad, ambulance service, ambulance corps or life squad. Environmental Considerations :- Engines are usually run on fossil fuel propellant, and are thus a source of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Jet engines can use Bio fuels or hydrogen, although the production of the latter is usually made from fossil fuels. Jet engines are usually very reliable and have a very good safety record. However, failures do sometimes occur. The water jet offered several other advantages over propellers for a wide range of vessel types, and as such water jets are used widely today for many high speed vessels including passenger ferries, rescue craft, patrol boats and offshore supply vessels. Water proof System :- Navigation improvements, weirs and locks are used together. A weir will increase the depth of a shallow stretch. Amphibious car travelling over water (in which case they consist of a pair of air cells (bladders) that can be inflated by triggering the release of carbon dioxide gas from a canister one canister for each separate cell. Or the cells can be inflated Orally that is by blowing into a flexible tube with a one-way valve to seal the air in the cell. Lifejackets must also be supplied on seafaring vessels, accessible to all crew and passengers and to be donned in an emergency. 4.2.6 Security Anti Theft System :- This system enables the owner of the car against the theft, in fact it shall be arise the alert sound when unknown person touches the car or if the car misplaced by its original location, it will send the details about the new location to the owner of the car by sending messages to mobile phone etc.., Communication :- The car may be with mechanical failures or troubles, under certain circumstances this system helps out in giving the alarm to the outside people, also it enabled with the automatic alert to the passengers. Unforeseen situations it has to be informed to the rescue team especially while travelling in the water. Remote locking system :- The system helps the passenger to lock the car doors remote (wireless) with ease towards the comfort of the passenger. 4.2.7 Logistics Good Accommodation :- At least 4 persons need to seated in the car, the seats are adjustable type and also water proof in nature, altogether this particular shall be responsible for leisure travel. GPS Navigation :- While travelling in land or water the navigation system plays a important role by giving the direction and location details of the place it is needed to complete the travel. When travelling in water it shall also gives the information about depth. Storage :- While travelling, the needs by the passengers like food items, groceries, clothes, maintenance tool box kit are to be stored in a designated location called compartment, and this shall also be water proof. Competent in Abrupt roads :- At the time travel and especially when travelling in new places where the road conditions are also taken in account and hence the requirement of the car here is, it shall have the competency in travelling those places without any breakdown or minor failures.