Effects of Multilingualism on Saudi Arabian Children

Research Proposal Aims The study under consideration aims at discussing the effects of multilingualism on Saudi Arabian children development and understanding of the world around.Advertising We will write a custom proposal sample on Effects of Multilingualism on Saudi Arabian Children specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More To be more specific, the paper discloses the multilingualism effects on children’s behaviour and language development as these two issues are considered to be the main factors that can define the quality of human relations, personal achievements, and further development of a society. The main tasks of the investigation are as follows: To identify the reasons of why the Saudi Arabia community is an appropriate research choice; To define multilingualism as an important factor in the discussion of children’s behaviour concept; To underline the effects multilingualism may have on children and their educatio nal process; To consider social, ethical, and educational concepts in the children’s development process; To use the Hymes’ ethnography of speaking as the main theory to analyse the topic and prove its appropriateness. Background on the Community Saudi Arabia is one of the largest Arab states that can be found in the western part of Asia. It has a good geographical location and an ability to develop successful trade relations with its neighbours as well as with any other country around the whole. The Red Sea is on the West, Yemen is on the South, Kuwait is on the North, and the United Arab Emirates is on the East. Saudi Arabia, as the leading global oil producer and deliver, is a rich country. Still, not all Saudi Arabian people live rich and demonstrate the luxurious style of life. In fact, the World Bank reports that this country has the 10th lowest poverty rate worldwide and continues ranking the highest among other Arabian regions regarding the necessity to minimi se poverty (â€Å"Saudi Arabia has tenth lowest poverty rate†, 2013). A considerable part of the children’s rights is violated. Parents try to find out the ways to provide their children with the best educational practices, and care givers are bothered with the questions concerning children’s development and abilities to live in a bilingual society (Habtoor, 2012). Many Saudis are afraid of being westernised because of a fast spread of the English language through their communities and their inabilities to control the impact of the English use on their national identity (Al Haq Oqlah, 1996).Advertising Looking for proposal on languages? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Still, the investigations prove that even the use of English and the necessity to live in a multilingual world do not have a considerable impact on people, but have to be taken into account at the early stages of children’s developmen t because children usually undergo numerous impacts from various sides (Mouzan, Salloum, Herbish, Qurachi, Omar, 2008). In spite of all challenges and difficulties, the Saudi Arabian community has to be defined as a powerful nation with an ability to demonstrate the best qualities and get accustomed to all new concepts. Hijazi, Abalkhail, and Seaton (2000) explain how the population in Saudi Arabia with the prosperity from the oil industry has to live, benefit from a rapid social change, and support their traditional lives. This study aims at investigating two types of the Saudi Arabian communities: one community is the children, who live in Saudi Arabia in such cities like Riyadh (the capital of the country, where bilingual communities are of great numbers), Jeddah (the commercial capital of the country, where multilingualism is an ordinary and even obligatory thing), and Dammam (the city with a huge airport, where a variety of languages amazes its population); another community i s the children, who live in the USA as they are the children of parents, who have transferred because of their educational goals and decided to stay, have families, and raise children in a new society. Though these two communities are rooted from Saudi Arabia, the evaluation of their styles of life, adaptation to multilingualism, and children’s development may gain various forms and lead to different results. Children have to develop their skills considering the expectations of both, a society around and a family with its own rules and standards. A life in a multilingual society is not a new thing for them, still, it creates a number of effects and outcomes that influence children’s understanding of the world around and development of their cognitive skills and manners.Advertising We will write a custom proposal sample on Effects of Multilingualism on Saudi Arabian Children specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Literatur e Review on Prior Work on the Chosen Area This study will draw on the effects of multilingualism on children, their language development, and behaviour in a society to comprehend whether it is justified to support the idea of a bilingual nation by the representatives of the Saudi Arabian community or not. A number of investigations have been already made in the chosen field of study, and their results have considerably influenced the development of the sphere of education as well as the development of many other spheres of life. Dewaele and Oudenhoven (2009) makes an attempt to investigate the connection between multilingualism and the personality profile taking into consideration such factor like acculturation. They cooperate with 79 teenagers from London, some of them were born in this city and some of them came from different countries. The researchers prove that language dominance plays an important role in the personality’s profile, this is why the effects of multilingua lism on children’s development cannot be ignored (Diamond, 2010). Dewaele and Oudenhoven (2009) conclude that in spite of the fact that people are usually shaped by some social and biographical factors, their contact with different languages and cultures strengthen their perception of the world. Language is considered to be one of the key links between social and cognitive worlds of a child (Bialystok, 2007). As a rule, language has certain consequences on a person, especially in children between 4 and 16 years, as this age is the period when children are able to comprehend what is expected from them, what they can do, and what they can, have, and want to learn.Advertising Looking for proposal on languages? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The decision to choose the Saudi Arabian community as the main group of people for investigation is based on the work of Al-Ghamdi (2015), who introduces the importance of heritage language and explains that the life and development in a multilingual society are not easy things that due to a number of negative stereotypes that can lead to a cultural identity clash and the necessity to consider a dual cultural identity during the language development process. Unfortunately, multilingualism may be characterised by certain negative and positive effects on children of different age and their development. For example, Dà ¶pke (2006) identifies a number of difficulties with language development may take place, but it is wrong to believe that bilingualism is the main reason of language disorders. She truly believes that child’s age, personal inabilities, or even some other outside factors like parental neglect and maltreatment may cause negative effects. At the same time, Dà ¶pke (2006) tells that her studies help to understand the cognitive advantages of bilingualism and the inabilities of a multilingual society influence the results of IQ tests of an individual. Multilingualism should not be defined as a pure negative or a pure positive factor in children’s development (Grosjean, 2010), but try to understand possible problems and identify the necessary solutions on how children should be developed in a multilingual society. Luke (2003) offers to pay attention to a number of social, demographic, linguistic, and even economic factors to comprehend how children may be developed in multilingual societies. Though it is not always possible to consider all the above-mentioned points, one conclusion can be made on the basis of Al-Amri’s paper (2013) – the effects of multilingualism on personality may be of a negative or positive nature, and people can do nothing with this truth but to accept it as it is. Theoretical Positioning One of the poss ible methods to comprehend the nature of multilingualism and its effects is to use a powerful theory and apply it to a situation. Current study focuses on the Hymes’ ethnography of speaking as a chance to focus on communicative behaviour as a part of a cultural system due to its ability to cooperate with other components of the same system regarding their particular concepts (Saville-Troike, 2008). As a rule, Hymes’s speaking model is currently used in various investigations as it helps to comprehend the ways of how the process of communication may differ in various cultural situations (Milburn, n.d., Applying S.P.E.A.K.I.N.G.). The peculiar feature of the chosen theory is the possibility to use its components to learn what to do in a particular situation, how to behave in a new community, and look at the situations in regards to the expectations from a speaking process (Milburn, n.d., Theoretical overview). Though not all researchers believe that Hymes’ approac h is the only successful decision to comprehend language development and speaking peculiarities (Blommaert, 2009) defining the weakness of his research because of his decision to rely on his personal experience and background knowledge only, the effectiveness of his theory and model remains to be unchangeable. Being a strong framework for the analysis of the effects of multilingualism on children’s behaviour and language development, the Hymes’ theory should be properly analysed with all its components and their important functions. The Hymes’ speaking model consists of the eight main divisions, which introduce the chosen acronym SPEAKING. S setting describes the situation in regards to its time and space; P participants as well as their roles are identified; E ends define the main goals of the process; A act sequence shows the required order of the process; K keys are focused on the manner of the process; I instrumentalities talk about the way the process is o rganised and the language that is used; N norms of interaction create the rules according to which the process of communication should be organised; G genres conclude the type of speech used in the process. (Atkinson, Delamont, Coffey, Lofland, Lofland, 2007,p. 290) The identification of each of the components will be used in the analysis of the multilingualism’s effects on children between 4-16 years from the Saudi Arabian communities. One part of the participants lives in the Saudi Arabia and experiences their own culture, its effects, and historical importance. Another part of the participants lives in the USA and has to consider their own cultural norms in regards to the social expectations. A certain attention to such aspects like the setting, ends, and even the norms of interaction turns out to be a good chance to learn better the peculiarities of multilingualism and its direct and indirect effects on children, their language development, and even behaviour within the chosen community. In fact, the relations between ethnography and multilingualism have a long history, and nowadays, they have been considerably improved and transformed because of the epistemological shift and the intense changes in linguistic, social, and cultural aspects (Gardner Martin-Jones, 2012). Blommaert, Collins, and Slembrouck (2005) underline the importance of spaces in multilingualism, and space is one of the main components in the chosen theoretical model. This observation proves again that the chosen theoretical position is appropriate for the project and can be applied in a variety of ways to realise how 4-16-year-old children may be challenged by multilingualism and overcome the problems with their language development and behavioural difficulties in a society. Research Questions The study under consideration has to give the answers to several research questions as it focuses on several aspects such as children’s language development, behaviour, the impact o f a community, and the necessity to live in a multilingual society. This is why the list of the following research questions seems to be rational indeed. It is not enough to give some concrete answers to the research questions. It is more important to understand why these questions take place, how past studies may be implied to the current investigation, and explain that each question has its own backgrounds. These research questions help to find appropriate solutions to the problems children may face because of multilingualism in their communities. What are the effects of multilingualism on children’s language development and behaviour in a Saudi Arabian community? How should the Hymes’ theory of ethnography of speaking be used in the analysis of the effects of multilingualism? To answer these two simple questions, the following issues have to be taken into consideration as well as additional supportive steps in research: The chosen community’s development i n a modern world; The factors influence children language development; Children’s behaviour in a multilingual society; The Hymes’ theory of ethnography of speaking (Kiesling, 2012) helps to comprehend the essence of multilingualism and its connection to the children’s development; The elements of the Hymes’ theory (â€Å"Dell Hymes’s speaking model†, n.d.) have to be considered during the analysis of the effects of multilingualism on children; The effects of multilingualism on children’s language development and behaviour in a society; The problems caused by the effects of multilingualism on children; The solutions to the problems identified with the help of the Hymes’ theory in speaking and children development. Methodology The main hypothesis of the study under analysis is the identification and analysis of the effects of multilingualism on children’s language development and behaviour in a society and the solutions o f the problems that may take place as soon as the effects are clarified on the basis of the Hymes’ theory of ethnography of speaking. The research questions mentioned in the previous section create the necessity to choose several methods for research because it is not enough to review literature or to interview people. It is crucial to integrate different methods and study a population from a variety of perspectives, but try to avoid large-scale quantitative methods as they are not actually appropriate for the chosen theoretical positioning. At the same time, the chosen methods provide the information within the frames of which the validity of a study will be judged (Kallet, 2004). There should be two main study areas: the Saudi Arabian community in the USA and the community, the members of which live in Saudi Arabia and face the challenges of a bilingual society. It is not enough to use many children; still, it is necessary to use the children with different social backgroun ds. 20-30 children between 4-16 years will be interviewed, and their answers will be analysed on the basis of the Hymes’ theory of ethnography of speaking (Hymes, 2013). The analysis of data will be properly organised, noted, and integrated with the statistical data and other literary material found online and in the libraries. There is no necessity to use large-scaled investigations, but focus on several communities defined by the required age group (children between 4 and 16 years). The analysis of the Hymes’ theory and its role in the process of speaking (Johnstone Marcellino, 2010) should be incorporated with the children’s development and the conditions the Saudi Arabian communities have to live under. The methods chosen for the project about the effects of multilingualism are as follows: Interviews with children between 4-16 years from two different communities (those, who live in the Saudi Arabia and those, who come from the Saudi Arabia and live in the USA). Some of the interviews may be organised online to save time and money that are necessary for travelling. Interviews with parents of the children mentioned above to check the validity of the information given. The observations of children’s behaviour in different situations which are caused by the necessity to consider multilingualism as the main factor in children’s development. Analysis of the information got from the interviews. Review of literature about the chosen community and search for some statistical data to support the concepts used in research. Personal conclusions and suggestions concerning the effects of multilingualism on the Saudi Arabian children. Ethics The evaluation of social, ethical, and educational factors has to be made as well on the basis of the information about the communities and children’s roles within a society. Multilingualism is that kind of phenomenon that has its effects on different spheres of life, and the properly cho sen methods of research as well as the analysis of the information gathered should help to comprehend the peculiarities of the topic and its emergency in different spheres. When using humans as the main subjects of research, it is necessary to consider a number of ethical concerns and compliance. People, who agree to participate in any kind of investigation have to be ensured with a number of things like a possibility to change information or hide it because of some personal reasons, a choice not to make the results of research available to a wide range of public, a chance to stay anonymous, and an ability to use the most appropriate method of communication. A researcher should always remember about the following ethical principles that can never be neglected in the chosen work (Resnik, 2011): Honesty (the research results cannot be falsified); Objectivity (any kind of biases should be avoided in the methods, research, and analysis); Confidentiality (parents and children should be provided with the guarantees that their answers will not influence their ordinary lives); Respect (the researcher should demonstrate a respectful treatment to each participant of the investigation). The ethics of research presupposes the idea of using credible information about the participants and communities used in the project. This is why it is necessary to find a theoretical proof for each idea used as evidence. Children of Saudi Arabia have a number of rights, still, not all of them know about these rights, and they face numerous challenges when they try to understand what goes wrong in their lives (Ramel, 2011). This fact proves again that ethics is a crucial point in a human life and cannot be neglected to demonstrate how humane and supportive people have to be and how they actually are. The study under consideration is a good chance to recognise how crucial children development is and how important such factors like multilingualism and social support can be. It is also nec essary to admit that multilingualism may influence children’s emotions (Pavlenko, 2007), learning possibilities (Kirsch, 2006), and social relations (Lanza Svendsen, 2007). That is another important explanation of why such point like research ethics cannot be neglected. People should know how to cope with the challenges of children’s language development in a multilingual society, and this project should not become a failure. Timeline Time is an important issue for any kind of research. To prove the correctness of the chosen research and the abilities to meet all its aims and follow all the methods identified, it is crucial to create a successful timeline and be able to use it accordingly. The following description of steps is a plan to be considered in research that discloses the effects of multilingualism on the Saudi Arabian children, their language development, and behaviour in a society. In general, a three-month timeframe must be used in research: one month is n ecessary to gather information and conduct interviews with the participants, one month is for the analysis of the information and its integration with the Hymes’ theory of ethnography of communication, and the last month is for the writing and editing processes that have to be properly organised in accordance with the instructions set. 1st week – the identification of the goals and steps to be taken while the investigation and agreements about the further interviews; 2nd week – interviews and observations of the children from the Saudi Arabian community in the USA; 3rd week – interviews with the representatives of the Saudi Arabian community, who live in their native country; 4th week – additional adjustments of the interviews and the information gathered; 5th week – the analysis of the first portion of the interviews and its application to the theory chosen; 6th week – the analysis of the second portion of the interviews and its appl ication to the theory chosen; 7th week – the analysis of the observations; 8th week – the literature analysis; 9th week – outlining and discussions of the writing process; 10th week – writing; 11th week – writing; 12th week – editing and proofreading. This approximate timeline may be improved in accordance with the demands and tutor’s suggestions. Potential Educational Implications In fact, the project dedicated to the effects of multilingualism on the Saudi Arabian children, their behaviour, and language development on the basis of the Hymes’ theory of ethnography of speaking may have a number of educational implications and important lessons for the participants as well as for the readers. The study helps to find a practical application of the Hymes’ theory and its importance in the educational process. The participants learn the challenges of multilingualism for the children, who live or used to live in Saudi Arabia a nd find out the solutions that can be offered to improve children’s language development and behaviour. The study is a good chance to evaluate the already offered investigations and ideas, compare them, and realise why some of them are not appropriate for the modern society and some of them remain to be a considerable contribution to the science. People want to learn more about the methods that can help children achieve better results in their development; this is why the chosen research should be interesting and helpful for many communities because the Saudi Arabian community may be regarded as a variable that can be replaced and lead to some new ideas and suggestions. In general, the research proposal shows the aims and methods of research that have to be developed in a three-month period and discusses how and why the Saudi Arabian community is chosen for consideration and analysis of the effects of multilingualism on children. Reference List Al Haq, F., Oqlah, S. (1996). Spread of English and westernisation in Saudi Arabia. World Englishes, 15(3), 307-317. Al-Amri, M.N. (2013). Effects of bilingualism on personality, cognitive and educational developments: A historical perspective. Retrieved from http://www.westeastinstitute.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/ANT13-271-Majid-N.pdf Al-Ghamdi, N.S. (2015). Saudi scholars’ heritage language and their ethno-cultural identity in multilingual communities: An exploratory case study. Cross-Cultural Communication, 11(1), 1-8. Atkinson, P., Delamont, S., Coffey, A., Lofland, J., Lofland, L. (2007). Handbook of ethnography. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE. Bialystok, E. (2007). Language acquisition and bilingualism: Consequences for a multilingual society. Applied Psycholinguistics, 28(3), 393-397. Blommaert, J. (2009). Ethnography and democracy: Hymes’s political theory of language. Text Talk, 29(3), 257-276. Blommaert, J., Collins, J., Slembrouck, S. (2005). Spaces of multilingualism. Language Communic ation, 25, 197-216. Dell Hymes’s speaking model. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www1.appstate.edu/~mcgowant/hymes.htm Dewaele, J.M., Oudenhoven, J.P. (2009). The effect of multilingualism/multiculturalism on personality: No gain without pain for third culture kinds? International Journal of Multilingualism, 6(4), 443-459. Diamond, J. (2010). The benefits of multilingualism. Social Science Perspectives. Retrieved from http://www.uco.es/poling/multilingualism_plan/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/Science-Bilingualism-Oct-141.pdf Dà ¶pke, S. (2006). Understanding bilingualism and language disorder. Retrieved from http://www.bilingualoptions.com.au/consTXTDelay.pdf Gardner, S., Martin-Jones, M. (2012). Multilingualism, discourse, and ethnography. New York, NY: Routledge. Grosjean, F. (2010). Bilingual: Life and reality. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Habtoor, H.A. (2012). Language maintenance and language shift among second generation Tigrinya-speaking Eritrean immigrants i n Saudi Arabia. Theory and Practice in Language Studies, 2(5), 945-955. Hijazi, N., Abalkhail, B., Seaton, A. (2000). Diet and childhood asthma in a society in transition: A study in urban and rural Saudi Arabia. Thorax, 55, 775-779. Hymes, D. (2013). Foundations in sociolinguistics: An ethnographic approach. New York, NY: Routledge. Johnstone, B., Marcellino, W. (2010). Dell Hymes and the ethnography of communication. In B. Johnstone, R. Wodak, P. Kerswill (Eds.), The SAGE handbook of sociolinguistics (pp. 57-66). London: Sage Publications. Kallet, R.H. (2004). How to write the methods section of a research paper. Respiratory Care, 49(10), 1229-1232. Kiesling, S. F. (2012). Ethnography of speaking. In C.B. Paulston, S.F. KIesling, E.S. Rangel (Eds.), The handbook of intercultural discourse and communication (pp. 77-89). Malden, MA: John Wiley Sons Ltd. Kirsch, C. (2006). Young children learning languages in a multilingual context. International Journal of Multilingualism, 3(4) , 258-279. Lanza, E., Svendsen, B.A. (2007). Tell me who your friends are and I might be able to tell you what language(s) you speak: Social network analysis, multilingualism, and identity. International Journal of Bilingualism, 11(3), 275-300. Luke, A. (2003). Literacy and the other: A sociological approach to literacy research and policy in multilingual societies. Reading Research Quarterly, 38(1), 132-141. Milburn, T. (n.d.). Applying S.P.E.A.K.I.N.G. Ethnography of Speaking. Retrieved from http://www.cios.org/encyclopedia/ethnography/5applying_speaking.htm Milburn, T. (n.d.). Theoretical overview. Ethnography of Speaking. Retrieved from http://www.cios.org/encyclopedia/ethnography/3theoretical_background.htm Mouzan, M.I., Salloum, A.A., Herbish, A.S., Qurachi, M.M., Omar, A.A. (2008). Consanguinity and major genetic disorders in Saudi children: A community-based cross-sectional study. Annual of Saudi Medicine, 228, 69-73. Pavlenko, A. (2007). Emotions and multilingualism. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. Ramel, A. (2011). Children of Saudi Arabia. Humanium: Help the Children. Retrieved from http://www.humanium.org/en/saudi-arabia/ Resnik, D.B. (2011). What is ethics in research and why is its important? National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences. Retrieved from http://www.niehs.nih.gov/research/resources/bioethics/whatis/ Saudi Arabia has tenth lowest poverty rate worldwide, says World Bank. (2013). Al Arabiya News. Retrieved from http://english.alarabiya.net/en/business/economy/2013/11/03/Kingdom-has-tenth-lowest-poverty-rate-worldwide-says-World-Bank.html Saville-Troike, M. (2008). The ethnography of communication: An introduction. Malden, MA: John Willey Sons. This proposal on Effects of Multilingualism on Saudi Arabian Children was written and submitted by user JoantheMouse to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

buy custom Health Administrators Role in Healthcare Tort Reform essay

buy custom Health Administrators Role in Healthcare Tort Reform essay Abstract The Obama healthcare plan is expected to occasion far-reaching effects on healthcare practice in the United States. Tort reform within the American healthcare context is perceived as the important missing link to a sound healthcare system that would replace the current order, which is deemed expensive due to the high incidence of litigation-based challenges. Health administrators have different approaches by which they could adjust the envisioned structure particularly with regard to reforms in the medical tort system. This study explores the different opinions and suggestions that have been projected towards the role of health administrators in healthcare Tort Reform. Generally, the suggestions extracted out of the different perspectives are centered on two factors. One is the retention and reinvention of the element of defensive medicine within the framework of reform. The second is the creation of structural systems that would necessitate a review of the tort system in a manner th at would be consistent of the new healthcare operational climate. Changing operational environment The operational environment of health care management in the United States is set to undergo significant changes following the advent of reforms occasioned by Obamas health care plan. The system of medical administration before the Obama bill was perceived to be socially biased against the poor and the unemployed. From the perspective of medics, the structural design of the system was or is fraught with litigation challenges that slow down levels of efficiency in health care administration. Studies have indicated that the insurance dynamics under the old system were largely conditioned by the economic pressures on the market, (Studdert, Mello, Brennan, 2004). The flux nature of the American economic environment often meant that insurance policies would increase at unpredictable levels that in turn brought about significant financial challenges for companies, individuals, and medical administrators. There have been arguments that the new dispensation would go alongside tort reforms given the centrality of litigations as a factor that allegedly drives up the cost of medication. The bigger picture of this operational paradigm was that medical administrations were largely determined by forces beyond the needs of the patients and the professionalism of service providers (Rubin, Joanna, 2007). The envisioned plan, which is supposed to roll out in the next ten years, aims at providing insurance cover for 32 million more Americans who were previously uninsured. Another factor that might determine the effect of this bill on medical administration is that 16 million more Americans will be placed under the government sponsored Medicaid insurance pr ogram (Clinton Obama, 2006). A wide range of scholarly concerns has been brought to bear on the exact dimension of the health care plan on the usual element of litigation in the American health systems. In the old order of medical administration, studies have offered that medical administrators tended to spend significant money and resources in fending off torts occasioned by technical mishaps that were clustered under the concept of professional malpractice (Donald, 2005). Two different opinions have been offered on the future scenario in the field with regard to the element of litigation. The first school of thought suggested by some studies argues that there is a possibility of increased volume of litigations logically drawing from the significantly increased level of clientele. The second school of thought argued that the current levels of litigations would experience marked decrease because the health reforms will abolish the limits under which the medical administrators have strained to operate. This second opinion is largely derived from the fact that the current challenges facing the American health care system is a result of the structural deficits that impede the potential of medical administrators in their effort to provide quality and affordable health care. Litigation has become a central factor in the United States medical system in the sense that it is one of the major factors that doctors look for in the designing of their methodologies (Arlen MacLeod, 2005). The need for new litigation structures There have projections that part of the implementation of these health care reforms will bring into effect the need for the restructuring of the landscape of the legal frameworks that have supported the current levels of litigations within the sector, (Arlen Macleod, 2005). Within the concept of this second consideration, it is expected that there shall be more money to undertake research in the medical field as focus significantly shift from litigation expenses to the provision of quality services. The old order has been that more money, which should have been expended on the pursuit of quality research, was mostly utilized in litigation matters (Jonathan, 2000).Besides, the government under the new plan has projected to undertake increased spending on research and incentives for the medics. This would, in the long run, guarantee quality healthcare to the American public and consequently lower the factor of litigation. The provision of inappropriate medical care under the structures of defensive medicine has been encouraged by the increased dependency on structures outside the medical fraternity to provide medical care for the majority of Americans, (Dubay, Kaestne, Waidmann, 2001). Redeeming the American health care system from the vicissitudes of the economy and litigations will herald a new climate under which medical firms will have the effect of stabilizing the environment in a manner conducive for the provision of professional services to a greater number of Americans. The bill, according to some studies was premised on the ideal of social justice for Americans regardless of their social and economic backgrounds. A broader assessment of these changes is to be observed from the heightened levels of medication that will necessarily follow the successful implementation of this plan. Precisely, there has been continuing debate regarding the possible methodologies that medical practitioners may a dopt for the purposes of shielding themselves from all possible litigations. The envisioned changes in the insurance fraternity are aimed at overhauling the pyramid of service that has traditionally concentrated its focus in limited segments that have been determined by the health status of the clients and their financial stability (Zuckerman, Bovbjerg, Sloan, 1990). This overhaul of the insurance fraternity must ultimately touch off a series of structural adjustment policies in medical administration in order to adjust in the redesigned operational environments. Targeted segments for reform Some of the areas that are likely to be affected include costs of medication, quality of medication, preventive and curative medical services. According to some studies, medical practitioners will approach their services and duties with an aspect of confidence than in past cases in which the clients insurance status was the sole determinant of the kind of treatment that patients would obtain from medics. The overarching goal of the Obama health plan is to put every American under the insurance umbrella. The second goal is to broaden the kind of policies offered by Insurance companies so that there is a wider choice from which the citizenry might choose from, depending on their respective health needs. This will make it possible for the medical administration to adopt policies that are precisely need-oriented rather than cost oriented like it has been practiced in the past (Currie, MacLeod, 2008). Consequently, a need-oriented approach to medical administration will yield more positive impacts on the nationwidehealth status than the prevailing system that locks out needy cases on reasons of costs. It might be argued, as a consequence, that the various kinds of administration approaches would have the overall effect of improving the quality of medical services in the American system. Litigants will seek to ascertain the professional quality of the services they receive so that they seek redress at the most appropriate levels. The Obama plan has expanded the field of engagement between insurance companies and the medical field in a manner that will increase the possibilities of policies for subscription by the American citizens. On the positive side, some scholars have argued that there will be an increased element of honesty as compared to the old system of insurance. This argument is predicated on the fact that doctors in the United States have tended to work within the scope of the insurance policies. The services rendered to patients have, in most cases been tailored in a way that reflects the specifics of the policies subscribed to by the patient. This old trend has often meant that doctors have been hesitant to prescribe or administer tests and treatment that are not within the confines of the policy (Sloan, Shadle, 2009). It is for these reasons that surveys have ascribed the increased rates of professional misconduct among medical practitioners. For instance, there have been reports of medics who prescribed cancer scans for the simple reasons that insurance firms would readily accept them conducted on their patients. The medical operational environment has, therefore, reflected strong symptoms of deterministic methodologies in which the field is defined by the insurance landscape. Researchers have illustrated that levels of efficiency in medical administrative are more positive in fields where the needs for medical care by the administrators determine the kind of insurance s chemes and policies, rather than the other way round as it has often happened in the United States, (Studdert, Yang, Mello, 2004). Scholarly observations that have been projected towards the future scenario for medical practitioners point to the general assessment that the free market systems of medical administration will eventually be replaced by a public funded systems that carry significantly higher safeguards for the health of Americans that in the old order. Surveys in heath care administration have suggested that public funded systems and government regulated medical care systems are relatively more efficient and safer that those largely controlled by the free market dynamics. From this perspective, it has been observed that new health care administration is more human centered that the kind of health care administration that currently exists on the market. The Obama Health Care plan is largely aimed towards the objective of increasing the pool of Americans under insurance. Precisely the plan intends to put all American citizens under the insurance schemes. These health care reforms will provide sufficient safeguards for more Americans to receive higher quality services while enjoying the financial cushioning from a consolidated fund of upfront insurance. Some of the dimensions on which these reforms have been anchored have had to do with the previous challenges that have dominated the US health care administration systems. Studies have shown that the previous systems were increasingly marred by defensive medicine, higher mortality rates, and low incentives for the medical practitioners (Studdert, Yang, Mello, 2004). The systems projected under the new design are largely anchored on the need for a increasing the level of administration of health care administration of Americans regardless of their financial status and the state of their health. There has been a strong element in the insurance regime of the United States where the providers largely sought to move into perceived safer regions. The system was such that the beneficiaries of the health care systems were largely those in the higher brackets of income. Others more targeted were those whose status of health was generally stable and sound. The insurance firms had manifested a marked trend of minimizing the sale of their policies from the perceived high risk sectors of the population such that those who were not permanently employed and those who suffered from chronic of life threatening health complications. On the other hand, studies have found out that these two categories were the ones increasingly under the threat of poor health care services. This is because they were more prone to health challenges that those in the high income status or those with stable status of heath (Danzon, 1984).The heath care program was therefore designed in a manner that would capture these two largely ignored areas of the population. The implication of this is that a new operational environment has emerged in which the health car e practitioners will have to adjust their trends and approaches in the administration of healthy care for these new categories of Americans. Taken together these changes are also expected to bring about far-reaching implications on the status of medical torts that would be experienced. The reason behind a possible change of scenario is the increasing possibility of that more Americans will have sufficient room to seek legal redress in cases where they will fell that their medical rights have been flouted (Arlen, MacLeod, 2005). Logically, an expanded catchment area for the healthcare practitioners will also mean an expanded rate of legal challenges in the field of health care administration. The increased percentage of lawsuits is expected to bring about higher cost implications on the part of health car organizations in a manner that might determine their levels of sustainability, profitability, and proficiency. Studies have observed that the Obama bill is more focused on the welfare of the citizenry at the expense of the health care organizations. In fact most of the criticism that have been brought to bare on the heal th care plan have been centered on the fact that the new systems does not provide the necessary impetus for the health care practitioners to seek new ways or reaching out to the American people. The incentives provided for the medical practitioners, according to these analysts are piecemeal and not sufficient to guarantee increased investment into the sector. In essence, medical administrators will seek out new ways to cushion themselves from the possible adverse effects of the new health care regime. Most of the changes to be expected are likely to emanate from the dimension of costs. The sector will undergo significant changes in a way that would be informed by internal structural adjustment mechanisms for the sake of self-protection (Clinton, Obama, 2006). In essence, the same studies have predicted that medical practitioners will adopt new operational mechanisms that will be aimed towards minimizing the possibilities of torts within their systems. The Obama plan has increased the incentives for the insurance firms to venture into an expanded arena of operation with the express intention of capturing the diverse sectors that were previously ignored in the old system of health care administration. In this respect, there will be increased policies to guard a higher number of Americans against medical malpractice. The structures that support the new design are made in such a way that they lower the threshold of medical malpractice. Studies have shown that the level of torts to be instituted against the medical practitioners will witness a sharp rise owing from the various incentives, (Currie, MacLeod, 2008). Health care administrators will have to adopt new ways in which they will seek to upset the existing challenges by way of minimizing the specter of litigations. The expected scenario is one in which there will be more focus on areas that are relatively less prone to litigation risks in the field of health care administration. In this regard, more American medical health administrators are likely to adopt specific strategies that would shield them from the possibilities of attracting lawsuits. Defensive medicine is one of the strategies that have been used occasionally by medical practitioner to shield themselves from the possibilities of torts,(Currie, MacLeod, 2008). The trend has been an increased use of resources in a disproportionate manner to response to medical cases that would have been sufficiently handled through the utilization of lesser resources. In effect, such tendencies have been responsible for the perceived in-equilibrium in the balance of resources against the social factor in the provision of the medical administration in the United States. It is expected that there will be a likely surge in this areas given that the government will increase its budgetary allocations to shield the medical field in terms of resources. The scepter of defensive medicine is likely to shoot up in the emergent scenario because medical practitioners will endeavor by all convenient means possible to shield themselves from the possibilities of attracting lawsuits to themselves or their facilities. According to some studies, other responses that are likely to follow include increased levels of referrals for undeserving cases. Studies have indicated that medical private firms are likely to adopt more selective approaches through which they will avoid complicated cases that are deemed of higher risk. Health care administrators in the private field may tend to prefer to refer some cases to higher medical facilities particularly government sponsored ones in cases that they may perceive as potentially risky. This approach would reduce the element of r isk since they will have transferred the possibility of the risk to health facilities of higher jurisdiction. From yet another perspective, some studies have argued that medical practitioners are likely to design their services in such a way that they promote more preventive medicine than curative medicine. This, according to these studies, is likely to be a coordinated approach in the sense that insurance policies will equally promote preventive policies as a way of preempting the costs of medical care that might result from the likely increase in the number of applicants. (Currie, MacLeod, 2008). Studies have shown that the administration of preventive medicine is significantly cost-effective than curative health care. Similarly, preventive care is less likely to attract malpractice litigations than curative medical care. Medical administrators would therefore align their policies in favor of preventive policies as a long-term measure of safeguarding the systems against torts. The problem of staffing has also been a significant factor within the element of litigation. This challenge can b e perceived from the perspective that lack of sufficient qualified personnel throughout the United States has created a scenario where less qualified personnel have been charged with the provision of services (Dubay, Kaestne, Waidmann, 2001). The situation is likely to be worsened under the Obama plan because the available medical personnel may not easily accommodate the sudden upsurge of insured patients. The government plan to recruit more medical practitioners may not match the speed with which the new insured individuals will respond to their medical needs. The wider implication of this new structure would be the emergence of disequilibrium between the levels of individuals who require medical attention against the available number of trained medical personal to offer these services. The obvious short term and long-term interventionist measure would be to enlist the services of unqualified or less experienced medical practitioners to handle complicated cases that mat arise out of the scenario. The margin of error in medical malpractice Researchers have pointed out that this same level of disproportional has been to blame to the margins of error that have occurred within the old order. It is precisely these margins of error that result directly to increased levels of litigations. Critics have pointed out that the Obama plan may face implementation challenges because it lacks sufficient safeguards that would shield it against the challenges of implementation. The possibility of increased margin of error would cripple the systems, as the insurance firms for the medical administrators would not manage to handle the significantly higher costs to be involved in the litigations, (Studdert, Yang, Mello, 2004). In this case, the medical practitioners are likely to maintain their old tendency of spending more resources in shielding themselves from the possibility of lawsuits. To accommodate the pressure of work, the medics may equally revert to the old system of prescribing expensive medical treatment with the purpose of ra ising the threshold for litigation in any complicated cases that they face. This would mean that the system reverts to defensive medicine that has been blamed for the poor levels of service delivery in the US health care system. One other approach for medical administrators would be shifting towards areas that are deemed less risky (Zuckerman, Bovbjerg, Sloan, 1990). This is because of factors of discrepancies of remuneration and lack of back up insurance to cover them against torts. In this regard, there would result an imbalance of staffing in some critical areas that are deemed more risky. However, some scholars have argued that it is immaterial to bring on board the aspect of tort reform because it does not constitute a significant percentage of the costs of medical care in the United States. According to some studies, the actual statistics of torts are significantly lower than perceived impressions on the same. These studies have argued that the component of medical liability has remained constant even as the costs of medical care continue to move upwards. Alternative explanations have been sought to bear on the cost factors of healthcare. Some of the reasons of the rise in the cost of medical care have to do with technological factors and processes of social mobility (Studdert, Mello, Brennan, 2004). The first argument has been that the increasing technological sophistication in the field of medical practice has occasioned increased costs in terms of medical care. The technological devices that are enlisted into the field have a high operational and maintenance factor. The second reason that the United States being a rich nation will necessarily have higher costs of medical care than less stable countries. Studies have offered that the health care system of the United States is around 2 trillion dollars (Currie, MacLeod, 2008).On the other hand, the average tort claims per year are around 30 trillion dollars. This means that the percentage of the costs against the fiscal value of the system is around 1.5 percent. The impression created by this percentage is that the litigation factor in the US healthcare system is not significantly sufficient to determine the average costs of the system. Other studies have pointed out that the rate of litigations for professional misconduct has been on a downward trend from a variety of reasons (Arlen, MacLeod, 2005). One reason is that there increased defensive medicine has protected medical administrators from the possible adverse effects of these litigations. In conclusion, it would seem that a variety of dimensions is available for medical administrators to engage with the new health care dispensation brought about by the Obama health care plan. Medical administrators may choose to adopt methods that would increase the quality of services provided to the increased volume of insured beneficiaries. This could be achieved through the utilization of the financial incentives for the purposes of training and specialization in the areas perceived as prone to litigations. Another way is that medical administrators would maintain the old approach of defensive medicine, which of course would be cushioned within the increased levels of spending. Buy custom Health Administrators Role in Healthcare Tort Reform essay

Civil Engineering Construction and Types of Bridges Assignment - 1

Civil Engineering Construction and Types of Bridges - Assignment Example These are one of the oldest forms of the bridge that were introduced by the Romans. In this method, the total downward weight of the arch bridge is distributed along the arch and the load taken up by abutments kept at the outer end of the bridge. This abutment or a kind of stopper prevents the arch from straightening out and keeps the structure of the bridge intact. The olden day arch bridges were constructed of wedge-shaped stones that were arranged neatly to take the shape of an arch. The Pont du Gard aqueduct built near Nimes in France is an excellent example of an arched construction standing the test of time. (Hill James et al, n.d) The modern-day construction involves the use of concrete in construction. These are also reinforced using steel. These new methods of construction make it possible to construct bridges up to 800 ft spans. (Beniwal Tarun et al, 2007) (iii) Concrete Arch Bridge- In this method precast concrete segments in the form of wedges are arranged in arches that are supported on temporary sections. Sometimes two arches may be used and these are supported in the middle using a vertical support called a spandrel. (Hill James et al, n.d) Beam bridges involve a simple design of a beam that is supported at its ends. The loads that act on the bridges act as reactions at the ends. A single span can usually support a span of 250 ft. Pre-stressed concrete that is adequately reinforced using steel rods are used in construction. The concrete can sustain the compressive loads while the steel can take the tensile loads. (Hill James et al, n.d ) Concrete bridges have the advantage that the raw materials are easily available and skilled labor is not required for laying. Three methods are commonly used for the construction of bridges. (i) Balanced cantilever Method- This method involves the construction of a falsework that supports a counterbalance weight and thus prevents the cantilever from tilting over during  progressive construction.

Punishing children Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Punishing children - Essay Example Therefore, families should not adopt corporal punishment as a technique of teaching children how to behave as it impacts negatively on behavior, both in the short term and long term. Increasingly, research studies point out to the unintended negative consequences of corporal punishment. First, corporal punishment increases aggression among children as they appreciate physical violence as a form of solving conflicts, just as applied by their parents. Corporal punishment entails use of physical force which exhibits a positive curvilinear relationship with aggression in children. In fact, while vouching for the need for legislation against this form of punishment, Smith cites the United Nations Committee on the Rights of the Child referring to it as â€Å"legalized violence against children.† A review of various research studies by Elliman and Lynch (197) indicates that corporal punishment results in the child complying with the parental demands immediately after being hit, but f or a short term. Such a child does not learn what the desired good is and hence the threat of need for greater frequency and intensity of corporal punishment so as to maintain the compliance. This causes significant physical abuse among the children exposed to corporal punishment. Humphrey and Schmalleger observe that in school, such children are twice more likely to attack other children physically within 6 months (121). Further, such children exhibit tendencies of abuse of child or partner late in life. They become antisocial and have the sense of conscience, moral internalization and empathy in them significantly reduce (Aucoin, Frick, and Bodin 528). Therefore, corporal punishment does not cause positive behavioral gains, but rather arouses and propagates aggression in children. Corporal punishment has also been noted to increase the likelihood of children becoming delinquent. In fact, as noted by Aucoin, Frick, and Bodin (529), corporal punishment could lead to behavioral probl ems as opposed to behavioral problems leading to corporal punishment. As such, these children develop delinquent behaviors later in life. Continued use of corporal punishment upholds delinquent behavior, such trouble at school and lying, two years later (Humphrey and Schmalleger 120). Indeed, a research study documented by Elliman and Lynch on 4,888 residents of Ontario aged below 65 with no history of sexual or physical violence, but reported being spanked or slapped, exhibited significantly higher tendencies of alcohol abuse, dependence and anxiety disorders (197). It should therefore be appreciated that whereas corporal punishment aims at instilling desirable behavior in a child, it could lead to delinquency in children. The third negative impact of corporal punishment entails the lowering of self-esteem among children, together with causing depression. The physical pain that children endure as a result of corporal punishment causes a rise of bitterness in them. With limited oppo rtunities to release such feelings, such children end up being stressed and eventually depressed. Children who have been through years of emotional pain as a result of being

Globalization Literature

Globalization Literature AHONARUOGHO YEWANDE Globalization is an undeniable phenomenon, which is rather hard to put into words and as a result can be explained in various ways. Globalization which encompasses variant aspects of the modern world, bringing nations of the world closer into a single society through culture, economic transactions, politics, technology and social interactions; is making an ever changing world. GPF (online) [n.d] According to Beck (2000) [online] Globalization regardless of how it is individually interpreted gives the implication of the deterioration of a state’s sovereign poewer and the structures that guide the territory. â€Å"The world-wide interconnectedness between nation-states becomes supplemented by globalization as a process in which basic social arrangements (like power, culture, markets, politics, rights, values, norms, ideology, identity, citizenship, solidarity) become disembedded from their spatial context (mainly the nation-state) due to the acceleration, massification, flexibilisation, diffusion and expansion of transnational flows of people, products, finance, images and information† this states that due to the increased flexibility and ease of mobility of many factors in an economy that social arrangements have become disembedded from their nation states, all of which is known as globalisation. beerkens (2004) [online] â€Å"The characteristics of the globalization trend include the internationalizing of production, the new international division of labor, new migratory movements from South to North, the new competitive environment that generates these processes, and the internationalizing of the state making states into agencies of the globalizing world.† This quote is informing about the concepts and characteristics that make up globalization focusing on the internationalization of many aspects of economies. Cox (1994) [online] Nations tend to come together in form of global unions, these unions are economic to some extent, and such exist within trade blocs. Trade bloc is an agreement which is formed between states, regions or countries in order to reduce the trade barriers which make trading inconvenient, amongst the regions involved. A well know example of this form is NAFTA, which is a trade agreement between the United States, Canada, and Mexico. Opponents to trade blocs view such agreements are harmful to free trade on a global level Investorwords (online) [n.d]. Trade blocs have rules that guide their interaction with nations within the economic union as well as those that are not members of the union. Manish (2012) [online] Trade blocs are of different varieties, requiring different levels of commitment and arrangements from the members of the union. To be of the view that globalization is purely an economic union would be false and incorrect as just trade blocs show globalization as six different forms of unions. Manish (2012) [online] Trade blocs have certain objectives goal which they aim to achieve, one of which is to remove the restrictions to trade among the members of the union, there by promoting free trade and faster movement of resources between members. BMS (2013) [online] Trade blocs aim to improve the social, economical, cultural and political relationship between its members through the integration of economies, social programs could encourage this promoting peace in the region. BMS (2013) [online] Trade blocs have the objective of achieving an increase in economic growth amongst its members. As a result in the reduction in trade barriers, it puts firms in a position to produce at lower prices, which would in turn increase demand and lead to a large scale of production. This can result in economic growth and attract investment. BMS (2013) [online] A Preferential Trade Areas is also a type of trade bloc, interconnecting the nations of the world on an economic level, this is the least committed to trade barrier reductions. In this union members lower but do not eliminate trade barriers amongst themselves and no set arrangement is agreed about their interactions with non- members. Manish (2012) [online] Free Trade Area is the next stage after, the Preferential Trade areas, all trade barriers are eliminated for members when relating with each other, so all the members are able to import and export goods and services amongst themselves. An example is the ‘North American free trade agreement’ of 1994 between the Canadians, Mexicans and the US; these members establish independent trade policies when relating with non members. Manish (2012) [online] another free trade area example is the European Free Trade Area. Shahid (2010) [online] Customs Union is the third trade bloc. The member states remove internal trade barriers as well as also agree to implement the same set of common policies when dealing with non member states. Customs union of Russia, Belarus and Kazakhstan, which was initially created in 2010, is a custom union; other custom unions include European Union Custom Council, East African Community. Manish (2012) [online] The Common Market is a trade union where member’s internal trade barriers are removed, common policies/ barriers are implemented for dealing with trade involving outside parties and free movement of resources such as ‘labor’ exist. Examples of common market include â€Å"Mercosur (Southern Cone Market)†, East â€Å"African Common Market†, European Economic Area and â€Å"West African Common market†. Manish (2012) [online] An economic union is one of the trade blocs that exist between nations that further make the nations of the world more integrated and connected. It requires members to remove internal barriers and agree to use common barriers for externally, allowing free movement of resources and adopt a unified set of economic policies. The European Union is an example of such; with one currency they have adopted one monetary policy. Manish (2012) [online] An economic union such as the European Union speeds up the process of globalization, increasing trade amongst the members of the EU as well as increased labor and capital mobility such as migration of Poland citizens to the United Kingdom and Ireland. The EU has expanded its sphere of influence to over 20 countries, making for over 356 million in population. Pettinger (2008) [online] Other economic unions include CEMC (economic and monetary community of central America), OECS (organization of eastern Caribbean states), UEMAO (west African economic and monetary union).shahid (2010) [online] In addition to the integration of the nations belonging to the trade blocs it is also seen that globalization is further aided by trade blocs which make negotiations easier on a global level. An case relating to trading negotiations is, the European Union bargains as one singular bloc making it easier and faster to push through practices which increase free trade. Pettinger (2008) [online] Full Integration is the final stage, coming after economic union. The members become fully integrated; an example is the United States. Manish (2012) [online] When viewing the definition, principles and aims of both globalization and trade blocs, they complement each other, both resulting in interdependence and increase in trade; Wang (2010) [online]. As a result it is easy to assume that globalization is purely an economic union formed by trade blocs. However, it should be noted that trade blocs can be seen as a hindrance to globalization because it promotes regionalization and not global elimination of trade barriers, causing conflicting parties to fight for regional interest; thereby building trade barriers for the rest of the world and preventing the importation of goods from other countries; Wang (2010) [online].This contradicts with globalizations purpose of one world and interlinking of all nations and â€Å"free trade† amongst all; Wang (2010) [online]. For example, the EU’s CAP placed high tariffs on importation of food and the dumping of surplus food items onto world markets. Pettinger (2008) [online] Trade blocs especially at its most integrated economic level when a common currency is established and a common fiscal policy within the union exists among the members- economic union- it leads to reduction of the power and sovereignty of a national government over its own territory. Although the states can take independent decisions to influence the total demand, income allocation and the level of production of their economies through the use of simple fiscal policies unless common fiscal policy is implemented in the economic union. As a result monetary and fiscal policy integration is the basis for an economic union and the application deepens the integration of its members, making it a single economic union and removes all kinds of economic borders. Hashimov (2013) [online] Trade blocs provide a larger market for exportation of goods, this creates a forum for the global products which can be linked between nations of the world, and this creates the possibility for more revenue for nation states. Admin (2012) [online] Trade blocs due to the integration of markets leads to increase in competition and productivity on the part of the nations belonging to the same trade bloc, ensuring to produce quality goods while the consumers had increased choice and lower prices due to the size of the market and number of competitors. Admin (2012) [online] Trade blocs make for a higher and increased rate of investment due to the larger market available as market is expanded. Admin (2012) [online] Trade blocs however have the negative effect, for example they undermine the efforts of WTO (world trade organization) because there is a possibility that the whole world would become regionalized and that would prevent trade liberations due to the rules and norms associated with trade blocs. Trade blocs would deter the WTO goals and undermine international trade laws. Admin (2012) [online] Trade blocs have the negative effect to globalization of creating unfriendly political tension and â€Å"hindering diplomatic relations† between members of a trade bloc and non member through discriminatory policies. Admin (2012) [online] Other factors unrelated to the trade blocs are important and significant to globalization. The main contributing factors to globalization could be argued but these are some factors that are contributing: Improvement in technology which enable global transport and communication to be carried out much easier, which also helps reduce the barriers of distance. Pettinger (2008) [online] the level of improvement in technology of transport and communications has led to a reduction in the prices for transferring goods, service and factors of production as well as making it easier and cheaper to communicate economically useful knowledge and technology. Mussa(2000) [online] Information technology is a main contributor in the process of globalization in form of a catalyst, it increases the accessibility of information and economic potential. Enabling for efficiency in the economies of nations as political and commercial information can be transferred easily and at a fast rate. Information technology encourages the creative use of resources to promote and advertise new products and ideas across borders and cultures regardless of its geographical location. Technology is now the leading factor of the modern world creating employment, new ideas, and networking sites which enables global connection and communication.globalisation101 (n.d) [online] The growth of multinational companies. Pettinger (2008) [online] Globalization is also a political union of nations around the world, there are military-political blocs existing which is a union among states that have agreed to unite, cooperate and have unified actions and responses to address common political, economic and military tasks. Encyclopedia(1979) [online] an example of a political union is NATO. G. Bertucci and A. Alberti , wrote an article â€Å"Globalization and The Role of the State: Challenges and Perspectives†, in which it was stressed that economic globalization is in actuality as a result of political decisions made my nation. Stating that the expansion of international trade as well as finance and investment Transactions do not radically influence the role of nations while the high level of collaboration and joint active show states exercising their sovereign authority over their territories. Thus the authors are of the view that collaborative action instead of weakening their authority over their state reinforces their authority by creating a more secure global environment and greater possibility for exchanges in different areas. Hashimov (2013) [online] Globalization is also an economic union, it impacts employment, working conditions, income and social protection. Beyond the world of work, the social dimension encompasses security, culture and identity, inclusion or exclusion and the cohesiveness of families and communities. Todayszaman (2010) [online] In conclusion, globalization is an economic union of nations after all globalization is generally referred to as â€Å"economic globalization† as it brings nations of the world together and forms a more integrated and interdependent world. Economic union has led to increased flow of information and ideas, and had led to a change in the way nations interact amongst themselves. However it should be noted that economic unions can be seen as a hindrance to globalization itself which contradicts the view that globalization is an economic union and in addition globalization is also a political and social phenomenon not solely economical. Bibliography Electronic devices Admin (2012) [online], advantages and disadvantages of trading blocs, available at http://wisebrain.info/explain-the-advantages-and-disadvantages-of-joining-a-trading-bloc-international/, [accessed on the 3rd of February] Beck (2000) [online], what globalization represents, available at http://www.beerkens.info/files/globalisation.pdf, [accessed on the 1st of February] Beerkens (2004) [online], How globalization is affecting the world, available at http://www.beerkens.info/files/globalisation.pdf , [accessed on the 1st of February] BMS (2013) [online], objectives of trade blocs, available at http://www.bms.co.in/objectives-of-trading-blocs/, [accessed on the 3rd of February] Cox (1994) [online], understanding the chaacterisyics of globalization, available at http://www.beerkens.info/files/globalisation.pdf, [accessed on the 1st of February] Encyclopedia (1979) [online], definition of political blocs, available at http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Military+Bloc, [accessed on the 3rd of February] GPF (online) [n.d], globalization definition, available at http://www.globalpolicy.org/globalization/defining-globalization.html, [accessed on the 2nd of February] Hashimov (2013) [online], economic globalization and the role of nation-state in economy, available at http://www.academia.edu/3721679/ECONOMIC_GLOBALIZATION_AND_THE_ROLE_OF_NATION-STATE_IN_ECONOMY_THE_CASE_OF_EU, [accessed on the 2nd of February] Manish (2012) [online], compositions of trade blocs, available at http://financetrain.com/trading-blocs-common-markets-and-economic-unions/, [accessed on the 3rd of February] Mussa(2000) [online], driving factors of economic integration, available at http://www.imf.org/external/np/speeches/2000/082500.htm, [accessed on the 2nd of February] Pettinger (2008) [online], The significance of economic blocs to globalization, available at http://www.economicshelp.org/blog/1019/economics/trading-blocks-and-globalisation/, [accessed on the 2nd of February] shahid (2010) [online], trading blocs and globalization, available at http://www.slideshare.net/Abdullah2012/globalization-trading-blocks, [accessed on 3rd of February[ Wang (2010) [online], relationship between regional trading blocs and globalization, available at http://www.ccsenet.org/journal/index.php/ijef/article/viewFile/4955/4119, [accessed on the 2nd of February] Todayszaman (2010) [online], social and cultural impact of globalization, available at http://www.todayszaman.com/columnists/dogu-ergil_204938-social-and-cultural-impacts-of-globalization.html, [accessed on the 3rd of February] 1

Distance Learning Followed by World Première :: Katalin Pocs Evening Song Music Essays

Distance Learning Followed by World Premià ¨re Esti Dal (Evening Song) by Katalin Pà ³cs was written for the Indiana University International Vocal Ensemble and harpist Erzsà ©bet Gaà ¡l in January 2000. The composition received its world premià ¨re conducted by Professor Mary Goetze on April 9, 2000 at IU School of Music, Bloomington, Indiana. Katalin Pà ³cs is one of the leading members of the young generation of Hungarian composers. Her compositions include orchestral and chamber works that have been performed throughout Europe. She has performed some of her own piano music in Berlin, Gdansk, Moscow, Munich, and Vienna. In addition, Pà ³cs has written electronic works that were performed in Canada, as well as works for harp, for example a Septet called Vibrarions and a solo piece called Ballade which were introduced by Erzsà ©bet Gaà ¡l in Hungary and in the United States. In her setting of the folk song Esti Dal, Pà ³cs employs the sounds of mixed choir, harp, and synthesized music. These three elements blend together to express the song's text about wandering, weariness, and a plea to God for rest and shelter. This choral work connects the past with the present by incorporating an ancient tonal Hungarian folk song into a modern texture with harp accompaniment. The addition of an electronic sound track that creates new relationships between consonance and dissonance in the music juxtaposes tradition with present 21st century practices. Mary Goetze is a Professor of Music and Chairperson of the Music in General Studies Department. She founded the International Vocal Ensemble in 1995. The choir specializes in the recreation of music from outside the European and American art traditions. Through the learning process, the choir becomes acquainted not only with the music itself but also with the related aspects of the culture and language. In 1996, Dr. Goetze was awarded a grant from Indiana University for a project entitled "Multicultural Music Education" which allowed her to do research in Zimbabwe and South Africa. Currently she is co-authoring a series of CD ROM's that facilitate the oral transmission of vocal music from diverse sources. In preparation for the first performance, the International Vocal Ensemble had the privilege to work with composer Pà ³cs on her new composition through a satellite hook-up connection between Budapest, Hungary and Bloomington, Indiana that was made possible by the Center for the St udy of Global Change on IU's campus. A technology called interactive compressed video opened the door for the choir and the composer to work together on Esti Dal notwithstanding a difference of six time zones.

Albert Einstein Leadership

Robert Bruce August 10, 2012 Leadership The Accidental Leader Albert Einstein was a world-renowned German-born theoretical physicist. Best known for his theory of relativity and famous equation of E = mc2 the expression of mass-energy equivalence. In 1921 he received the Nobel Prize in Physics â€Å"for his service to Theoretical Physics, and his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect. His numerous contributions to physics include his special theory of relativity, which brought together concepts of mechanics and electromagnetism, and his general theory of relativity, which was intended to extend the principle of relativity to non-uniform motion and to provide a new theory of gravitation. The physics community reveres Einstein; with over three hundred published scientific works and over one hundred and non-scientific works, Einstein’s influence on modern theoretical physics is irrefutable. In a broader sense, he is regarded as one of the most influential people in hu man history.In 1999, he was name Time magazine’s â€Å"Person of the Century†. Einstein became a German citizen in 1914, but showed feelings of being pressured into accepting Germany citizenship by the Academy. There were growing tensions in Germany after World War I towards Jewish people. Albert was not a practicing Jew but faced the same prejudice and injustice Jewish people across Europe would feel under Hitler rule. Einstein’s fears of a Nazi-ruled Germany came to reality in 1933 when Hitler was appointed Chancellor of Germany.Hitler's administration introduced the Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service, which removed Jews and politically suspect government employees (including university professors) from their jobs, unless they had demonstrated their loyalty to Germany by serving in World War I. Einstein remained in Berlin until 1933 when he renounced his citizenship and emigrated to America to take the position at Princeton University. M eanwhile, in Germany, a campaign began to eliminate Einstein's work from the German lexicon. Activists published pamphlets and ven textbooks denigrating Einstein, and instructors who taught his theories were blacklisted. Albert’s upbringing and personal life form the foundation of Einstein, the man, the leader, and the genius. Jurgen Neffe sums up Einstein’s childhood with the line, â€Å"A child like Albert, in the view of the German-born American psychoanalyst Erik Erikson, ‘today would be subjected to specialized examination and, perhaps, to treatment. ’ Fortunately Einstein was spared that. † Einstein’s childhood was unique even to the standards of late Nineteenth Century Europe.Young Albert was not pressured into sports and social circles by his parents; instead left to create his own supplementary curriculum and study with his engineer uncle. Einstein had help developing intellectually but that was not the case with social interactions. As Albert grew he kept a childlike way about him except when it came to women. Neffe uses Albert’s love letters extensively to show his fascination with the other sex and derives, â€Å"Einstein’s correspondence with women invariably reveals he regarded [women] almost as playthings. However Neffe neglects to connect Albert’s early successful form of communication to his later dependence on written correspondence. According to Neffe, Albert was very successful with women but not at relationships. Neffe describes his interactions with his two sons and divorced wife as if they were circumstantial, but Albert clearly felt himself a better father and provider if the relationship was on paper. The seclusion Albert was then thrust into because of his divorce allowed him to delve wholly into his work.Albert Einstein’s will to think was engrained in his psyche at an early age. Neffe finds this point to be a singular incident. During this phase, one experience in particular made a â€Å"deep and lasting impression† on Einstein: the day â€Å"my father showed me a compass. † He was surprised that its needle always pointed in the same direction without being touched. â€Å"Something deeply hidden had to be behind things. † The initiation of a genius? The â€Å"miracle† sheds light on the enigma of his uniqueness only up to a point.Nearly every child is amazed at the sight of a quivering compass needle or some other baffling physical phenomenon. As Einstein advances in years he becomes more focused on his work. Albert’s personal studies are the only consistent force in his life and soon encompass his life. Einstein’s obligatory migrations forced him to completely embrace his studies as a defense mechanism. There is a childlike quality that remains present in many men considered geniuses, but fails to connect to Einstein’s upbringing.The focused, isolationist psyche developed in his youth stayed with the man and developed the genius. Neffe describes the genius Albert Einstein’s contributions to science as indispensable. Neffe writes. â€Å"In addition to his contributions to the foundations of modern physics, he also made essential inroads in chemistry, provided the theoretical basis for the development of the laser, and, in his insatiable curiosity, answered questions such as why rivers bend and why the sky is blue. † Einstein’s isolation and devotion to his thoughts allowed him to develop his amazing theories.Neffe describes Einstein’s collaborations with other scientist and students in relation to work but does not fully describe the awkwardness that must have occurred between men of their nature. Einstein was turned down for many teaching positions and only received an honorary PhD. It is evident that every scientist greatly admires the dedication of Einstein to his work. A half-century after Einstein’s death, his theories, and the min d that spawned them, remain as baffling as ever to the public. Neffe offered a valid attempt to explain what created Einstein.He determines the defining moment of Einstein’s life at Nov. 6, 1919, the day when a joint session of Britain’s Royal Society and Royal Astronomical Society announced it had confirmed Einstein’s grandest idea, the general theory of relativity. According to the theory, gravity can generate enough force to bend light. Sir Frank Dyson, the Astronomer Royal, announced that the results left â€Å"no doubt† about the validity of Einstein’s prediction. Years later it was uncovered that the results in fact left considerable doubt, but Einstein’s supporters intuitively felt that the theory must be correct.The Times of London declared the finding â€Å"one of the most momentous, if not the most momentous, pronouncements of human thought. † Within days other media around the world followed. In an instant, Neffe writes, â €Å"Albert Einstein was reborn as legend and myth, idol and icon of an entire era. † Einstein showed his true qualities as a leader preceding and following World War II. Preceding the war, the German-Jew immigrant had the power to write the president, Theodore Roosevelt, urging leadership to begin nuclear weapons research to keep pace with Germany.Einstein’s nuclear theories, formulated for energy production, became the foundation for the work done during the Manhattan Project. Following the war, Einstein had the foresight to see the perils of a nuclear arms race and led the movement to slow nuclear progression. Einstein’s leadership qualities were honored the most when he was offered the Israeli Presidency by the government of Israel. Einstein’s influence was derived from his expert power and conceptual skill. Einstein never set out to be a leader, yet made some of the greatest contributions to the world’s society in history. ——†”———————————- [ 1 ]. Einstein: A Biography. Jurgen Neffe. (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2007), 22 [ 2 ]. Einstein: A Biography. Jurgen Neffe. (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2007), 87 [ 3 ]. Einstein: A Biography. Jurgen Neffe. (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2007), 22 [ 4 ]. Einstein: A Biography. Jurgen Neffe. (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2007), 151 [ 5 ]. Albert Einstein: A Leader in Science. Glen F. (Gather. com 2008)